Current File : //var/www/pediatribu/wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-users-controller.php
<?php
/**
 * REST API: WP_REST_Users_Controller class
 *
 * @package WordPress
 * @subpackage REST_API
 * @since 4.7.0
 */

/**
 * Core class used to manage users via the REST API.
 *
 * @since 4.7.0
 *
 * @see WP_REST_Controller
 */
class WP_REST_Users_Controller extends WP_REST_Controller {

	/**
	 * Instance of a user meta fields object.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @var WP_REST_User_Meta_Fields
	 */
	protected $meta;

	/**
	 * Whether the controller supports batching.
	 *
	 * @since 6.6.0
	 * @var array
	 */
	protected $allow_batch = array( 'v1' => true );

	/**
	 * Constructor.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 */
	public function __construct() {
		$this->namespace = 'wp/v2';
		$this->rest_base = 'users';

		$this->meta = new WP_REST_User_Meta_Fields();
	}

	/**
	 * Registers the routes for users.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @see register_rest_route()
	 */
	public function register_routes() {

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base,
			array(
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_items' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'get_items_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_collection_params(),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'create_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'create_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::CREATABLE ),
				),
				'allow_batch' => $this->allow_batch,
				'schema'      => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/(?P<id>[\d]+)',
			array(
				'args'        => array(
					'id' => array(
						'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the user.' ),
						'type'        => 'integer',
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'get_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'context' => $this->get_context_param( array( 'default' => 'view' ) ),
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'update_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'update_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE ),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::DELETABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'delete_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'delete_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'force'    => array(
							'type'        => 'boolean',
							'default'     => false,
							'description' => __( 'Required to be true, as users do not support trashing.' ),
						),
						'reassign' => array(
							'type'              => 'integer',
							'description'       => __( 'Reassign the deleted user\'s posts and links to this user ID.' ),
							'required'          => true,
							'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'check_reassign' ),
						),
					),
				),
				'allow_batch' => $this->allow_batch,
				'schema'      => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);

		register_rest_route(
			$this->namespace,
			'/' . $this->rest_base . '/me',
			array(
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::READABLE,
					'permission_callback' => '__return_true',
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'get_current_item' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'context' => $this->get_context_param( array( 'default' => 'view' ) ),
					),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'update_current_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'update_current_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => $this->get_endpoint_args_for_item_schema( WP_REST_Server::EDITABLE ),
				),
				array(
					'methods'             => WP_REST_Server::DELETABLE,
					'callback'            => array( $this, 'delete_current_item' ),
					'permission_callback' => array( $this, 'delete_current_item_permissions_check' ),
					'args'                => array(
						'force'    => array(
							'type'        => 'boolean',
							'default'     => false,
							'description' => __( 'Required to be true, as users do not support trashing.' ),
						),
						'reassign' => array(
							'type'              => 'integer',
							'description'       => __( 'Reassign the deleted user\'s posts and links to this user ID.' ),
							'required'          => true,
							'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'check_reassign' ),
						),
					),
				),
				'schema' => array( $this, 'get_public_item_schema' ),
			)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Checks for a valid value for the reassign parameter when deleting users.
	 *
	 * The value can be an integer, 'false', false, or ''.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param int|bool        $value   The value passed to the reassign parameter.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @param string          $param   The parameter that is being sanitized.
	 * @return int|bool|WP_Error
	 */
	public function check_reassign( $value, $request, $param ) {
		if ( is_numeric( $value ) ) {
			return $value;
		}

		if ( empty( $value ) || false === $value || 'false' === $value ) {
			return false;
		}

		return new WP_Error(
			'rest_invalid_param',
			__( 'Invalid user parameter(s).' ),
			array( 'status' => 400 )
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Permissions check for getting all users.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access, otherwise WP_Error object.
	 */
	public function get_items_permissions_check( $request ) {
		// Check if roles is specified in GET request and if user can list users.
		if ( ! empty( $request['roles'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_cannot_view',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to filter users by role.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		// Check if capabilities is specified in GET request and if user can list users.
		if ( ! empty( $request['capabilities'] ) && ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_cannot_view',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to filter users by capability.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( 'edit' === $request['context'] && ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_context',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to list users.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( in_array( $request['orderby'], array( 'email', 'registered_date' ), true ) && ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_orderby',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to order users by this parameter.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		if ( 'authors' === $request['who'] ) {
			$types = get_post_types( array( 'show_in_rest' => true ), 'objects' );

			foreach ( $types as $type ) {
				if ( post_type_supports( $type->name, 'author' )
					&& current_user_can( $type->cap->edit_posts ) ) {
					return true;
				}
			}

			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_forbidden_who',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to query users by this parameter.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves all users.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 6.8.0 Added support for the search_columns query param.
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_items( $request ) {

		// Retrieve the list of registered collection query parameters.
		$registered = $this->get_collection_params();

		/*
		 * This array defines mappings between public API query parameters whose
		 * values are accepted as-passed, and their internal WP_Query parameter
		 * name equivalents (some are the same). Only values which are also
		 * present in $registered will be set.
		 */
		$parameter_mappings = array(
			'exclude'      => 'exclude',
			'include'      => 'include',
			'order'        => 'order',
			'per_page'     => 'number',
			'search'       => 'search',
			'roles'        => 'role__in',
			'capabilities' => 'capability__in',
			'slug'         => 'nicename__in',
		);

		$prepared_args = array();

		/*
		 * For each known parameter which is both registered and present in the request,
		 * set the parameter's value on the query $prepared_args.
		 */
		foreach ( $parameter_mappings as $api_param => $wp_param ) {
			if ( isset( $registered[ $api_param ], $request[ $api_param ] ) ) {
				$prepared_args[ $wp_param ] = $request[ $api_param ];
			}
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['offset'] ) && ! empty( $request['offset'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['offset'] = $request['offset'];
		} else {
			$prepared_args['offset'] = ( $request['page'] - 1 ) * $prepared_args['number'];
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['orderby'] ) ) {
			$orderby_possibles        = array(
				'id'              => 'ID',
				'include'         => 'include',
				'name'            => 'display_name',
				'registered_date' => 'registered',
				'slug'            => 'user_nicename',
				'include_slugs'   => 'nicename__in',
				'email'           => 'user_email',
				'url'             => 'user_url',
			);
			$prepared_args['orderby'] = $orderby_possibles[ $request['orderby'] ];
		}

		if ( isset( $registered['who'] ) && ! empty( $request['who'] ) && 'authors' === $request['who'] ) {
			$prepared_args['who'] = 'authors';
		} elseif ( ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			$prepared_args['has_published_posts'] = get_post_types( array( 'show_in_rest' => true ), 'names' );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['has_published_posts'] ) ) {
			$prepared_args['has_published_posts'] = ( true === $request['has_published_posts'] )
				? get_post_types( array( 'show_in_rest' => true ), 'names' )
				: (array) $request['has_published_posts'];
		}

		if ( ! empty( $prepared_args['search'] ) ) {
			if ( ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
				$prepared_args['search_columns'] = array( 'ID', 'user_login', 'user_nicename', 'display_name' );
			}
			$search_columns         = $request->get_param( 'search_columns' );
			$valid_columns          = isset( $prepared_args['search_columns'] )
				? $prepared_args['search_columns']
				: array( 'ID', 'user_login', 'user_nicename', 'user_email', 'display_name' );
			$search_columns_mapping = array(
				'id'       => 'ID',
				'username' => 'user_login',
				'slug'     => 'user_nicename',
				'email'    => 'user_email',
				'name'     => 'display_name',
			);
			$search_columns         = array_map(
				static function ( $column ) use ( $search_columns_mapping ) {
					return $search_columns_mapping[ $column ];
				},
				$search_columns
			);
			$search_columns         = array_intersect( $search_columns, $valid_columns );
			if ( ! empty( $search_columns ) ) {
				$prepared_args['search_columns'] = $search_columns;
			}
			$prepared_args['search'] = '*' . $prepared_args['search'] . '*';
		}

		$is_head_request = $request->is_method( 'HEAD' );
		if ( $is_head_request ) {
			// Force the 'fields' argument. For HEAD requests, only user IDs are required.
			$prepared_args['fields'] = 'id';
		}
		/**
		 * Filters WP_User_Query arguments when querying users via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @link https://developer.wordpress.org/reference/classes/wp_user_query/
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param array           $prepared_args Array of arguments for WP_User_Query.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request       The REST API request.
		 */
		$prepared_args = apply_filters( 'rest_user_query', $prepared_args, $request );

		$query = new WP_User_Query( $prepared_args );

		if ( ! $is_head_request ) {
			$users = array();

			foreach ( $query->get_results() as $user ) {
				$data    = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $user, $request );
				$users[] = $this->prepare_response_for_collection( $data );
			}
		}

		$response = $is_head_request ? new WP_REST_Response( array() ) : rest_ensure_response( $users );

		// Store pagination values for headers then unset for count query.
		$per_page = (int) $prepared_args['number'];
		$page     = (int) ceil( ( ( (int) $prepared_args['offset'] ) / $per_page ) + 1 );

		$prepared_args['fields'] = 'ID';

		$total_users = $query->get_total();

		if ( $total_users < 1 ) {
			// Out-of-bounds, run the query again without LIMIT for total count.
			unset( $prepared_args['number'], $prepared_args['offset'] );
			$count_query = new WP_User_Query( $prepared_args );
			$total_users = $count_query->get_total();
		}

		$response->header( 'X-WP-Total', (int) $total_users );

		$max_pages = (int) ceil( $total_users / $per_page );

		$response->header( 'X-WP-TotalPages', $max_pages );

		$base = add_query_arg( urlencode_deep( $request->get_query_params() ), rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base ) ) );
		if ( $page > 1 ) {
			$prev_page = $page - 1;

			if ( $prev_page > $max_pages ) {
				$prev_page = $max_pages;
			}

			$prev_link = add_query_arg( 'page', $prev_page, $base );
			$response->link_header( 'prev', $prev_link );
		}
		if ( $max_pages > $page ) {
			$next_page = $page + 1;
			$next_link = add_query_arg( 'page', $next_page, $base );

			$response->link_header( 'next', $next_link );
		}

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Get the user, if the ID is valid.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.2
	 *
	 * @param int $id Supplied ID.
	 * @return WP_User|WP_Error True if ID is valid, WP_Error otherwise.
	 */
	protected function get_user( $id ) {
		$error = new WP_Error(
			'rest_user_invalid_id',
			__( 'Invalid user ID.' ),
			array( 'status' => 404 )
		);

		if ( (int) $id <= 0 ) {
			return $error;
		}

		$user = get_userdata( (int) $id );
		if ( empty( $user ) || ! $user->exists() ) {
			return $error;
		}

		if ( is_multisite() && ! is_user_member_of_blog( $user->ID ) ) {
			return $error;
		}

		return $user;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to read a user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has read access for the item, otherwise WP_Error object.
	 */
	public function get_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$user = $this->get_user( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $user ) ) {
			return $user;
		}

		$types = get_post_types( array( 'show_in_rest' => true ), 'names' );

		if ( get_current_user_id() === $user->ID ) {
			return true;
		}

		if ( 'edit' === $request['context'] && ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_cannot_view',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to list users.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		} elseif ( ! count_user_posts( $user->ID, $types ) && ! current_user_can( 'edit_user', $user->ID ) && ! current_user_can( 'list_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_cannot_view',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to list users.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves a single user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_item( $request ) {
		$user = $this->get_user( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $user ) ) {
			return $user;
		}

		$user     = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $user, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $user );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the current user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function get_current_item( $request ) {
		$current_user_id = get_current_user_id();

		if ( empty( $current_user_id ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_not_logged_in',
				__( 'You are not currently logged in.' ),
				array( 'status' => 401 )
			);
		}

		$user     = wp_get_current_user();
		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $user, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access create users.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to create items, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function create_item_permissions_check( $request ) {

		if ( ! current_user_can( 'create_users' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_create_user',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to create new users.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Creates a single user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function create_item( $request ) {
		if ( ! empty( $request['id'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_exists',
				__( 'Cannot create existing user.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		if ( ! empty( $request['roles'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['roles'] ) ) {
			$check_permission = $this->check_role_update( $request['id'], $request['roles'] );

			if ( is_wp_error( $check_permission ) ) {
				return $check_permission;
			}
		}

		$user = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );

		if ( is_multisite() ) {
			$ret = wpmu_validate_user_signup( $user->user_login, $user->user_email );

			if ( is_wp_error( $ret['errors'] ) && $ret['errors']->has_errors() ) {
				$error = new WP_Error(
					'rest_invalid_param',
					__( 'Invalid user parameter(s).' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);

				foreach ( $ret['errors']->errors as $code => $messages ) {
					foreach ( $messages as $message ) {
						$error->add( $code, $message );
					}

					$error_data = $error->get_error_data( $code );

					if ( $error_data ) {
						$error->add_data( $error_data, $code );
					}
				}
				return $error;
			}
		}

		if ( is_multisite() ) {
			$user_id = wpmu_create_user( $user->user_login, $user->user_pass, $user->user_email );

			if ( ! $user_id ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_user_create',
					__( 'Error creating new user.' ),
					array( 'status' => 500 )
				);
			}

			$user->ID = $user_id;
			$user_id  = wp_update_user( wp_slash( (array) $user ) );

			if ( is_wp_error( $user_id ) ) {
				return $user_id;
			}

			$result = add_user_to_blog( get_site()->id, $user_id, '' );
			if ( is_wp_error( $result ) ) {
				return $result;
			}
		} else {
			$user_id = wp_insert_user( wp_slash( (array) $user ) );

			if ( is_wp_error( $user_id ) ) {
				return $user_id;
			}
		}

		$user = get_user_by( 'id', $user_id );

		/**
		 * Fires immediately after a user is created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_User         $user     Inserted or updated user object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request  Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating True when creating a user, false when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_user', $user, $request, true );

		if ( ! empty( $request['roles'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['roles'] ) ) {
			array_map( array( $user, 'add_role' ), $request['roles'] );
		}

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $user_id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$user          = get_user_by( 'id', $user_id );
		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $user, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		/**
		 * Fires after a user is completely created or updated via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 5.0.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_User         $user     Inserted or updated user object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request  Request object.
		 * @param bool            $creating True when creating a user, false when updating.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_user', $user, $request, true );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $user, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );

		$response->set_status( 201 );
		$response->header( 'Location', rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $user_id ) ) );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to update a user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to update the item, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function update_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$user = $this->get_user( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $user ) ) {
			return $user;
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['roles'] ) ) {
			if ( ! current_user_can( 'promote_user', $user->ID ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_cannot_edit_roles',
					__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit roles of this user.' ),
					array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
				);
			}

			$request_params = array_keys( $request->get_params() );
			sort( $request_params );
			/*
			 * If only 'id' and 'roles' are specified (we are only trying to
			 * edit roles), then only the 'promote_user' cap is required.
			 */
			if ( array( 'id', 'roles' ) === $request_params ) {
				return true;
			}
		}

		if ( ! current_user_can( 'edit_user', $user->ID ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_edit',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to edit this user.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Updates a single user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function update_item( $request ) {
		$user = $this->get_user( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $user ) ) {
			return $user;
		}

		$id = $user->ID;

		$owner_id = false;
		if ( is_string( $request['email'] ) ) {
			$owner_id = email_exists( $request['email'] );
		}

		if ( $owner_id && $owner_id !== $id ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_email',
				__( 'Invalid email address.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['username'] ) && $request['username'] !== $user->user_login ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_argument',
				__( 'Username is not editable.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['slug'] ) && $request['slug'] !== $user->user_nicename && get_user_by( 'slug', $request['slug'] ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_slug',
				__( 'Invalid slug.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! empty( $request['roles'] ) ) {
			$check_permission = $this->check_role_update( $id, $request['roles'] );

			if ( is_wp_error( $check_permission ) ) {
				return $check_permission;
			}
		}

		$user = $this->prepare_item_for_database( $request );

		// Ensure we're operating on the same user we already checked.
		$user->ID = $id;

		$user_id = wp_update_user( wp_slash( (array) $user ) );

		if ( is_wp_error( $user_id ) ) {
			return $user_id;
		}

		$user = get_user_by( 'id', $user_id );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-users-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_insert_user', $user, $request, false );

		if ( ! empty( $request['roles'] ) ) {
			array_map( array( $user, 'add_role' ), $request['roles'] );
		}

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		if ( ! empty( $schema['properties']['meta'] ) && isset( $request['meta'] ) ) {
			$meta_update = $this->meta->update_value( $request['meta'], $id );

			if ( is_wp_error( $meta_update ) ) {
				return $meta_update;
			}
		}

		$user          = get_user_by( 'id', $user_id );
		$fields_update = $this->update_additional_fields_for_object( $user, $request );

		if ( is_wp_error( $fields_update ) ) {
			return $fields_update;
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		/** This action is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-users-controller.php */
		do_action( 'rest_after_insert_user', $user, $request, false );

		$response = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $user, $request );
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $response );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to update the current user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to update the item, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function update_current_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$request['id'] = get_current_user_id();

		return $this->update_item_permissions_check( $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Updates the current user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function update_current_item( $request ) {
		$request['id'] = get_current_user_id();

		return $this->update_item( $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access delete a user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to delete the item, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function delete_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$user = $this->get_user( $request['id'] );
		if ( is_wp_error( $user ) ) {
			return $user;
		}

		if ( ! current_user_can( 'delete_user', $user->ID ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_cannot_delete',
				__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to delete this user.' ),
				array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
			);
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Deletes a single user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function delete_item( $request ) {
		// We don't support delete requests in multisite.
		if ( is_multisite() ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_delete',
				__( 'The user cannot be deleted.' ),
				array( 'status' => 501 )
			);
		}

		$user = $this->get_user( $request['id'] );

		if ( is_wp_error( $user ) ) {
			return $user;
		}

		$id       = $user->ID;
		$reassign = false === $request['reassign'] ? null : absint( $request['reassign'] );
		$force    = isset( $request['force'] ) ? (bool) $request['force'] : false;

		// We don't support trashing for users.
		if ( ! $force ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_trash_not_supported',
				/* translators: %s: force=true */
				sprintf( __( "Users do not support trashing. Set '%s' to delete." ), 'force=true' ),
				array( 'status' => 501 )
			);
		}

		if ( ! empty( $reassign ) ) {
			if ( $reassign === $id || ! get_userdata( $reassign ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_user_invalid_reassign',
					__( 'Invalid user ID for reassignment.' ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}
		}

		$request->set_param( 'context', 'edit' );

		$previous = $this->prepare_item_for_response( $user, $request );

		// Include user admin functions to get access to wp_delete_user().
		require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/user.php';

		$result = wp_delete_user( $id, $reassign );

		if ( ! $result ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_cannot_delete',
				__( 'The user cannot be deleted.' ),
				array( 'status' => 500 )
			);
		}

		$response = new WP_REST_Response();
		$response->set_data(
			array(
				'deleted'  => true,
				'previous' => $previous->get_data(),
			)
		);

		/**
		 * Fires immediately after a user is deleted via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_User          $user     The user data.
		 * @param WP_REST_Response $response The response returned from the API.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request  $request  The request sent to the API.
		 */
		do_action( 'rest_delete_user', $user, $response, $request );

		return $response;
	}

	/**
	 * Checks if a given request has access to delete the current user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the request has access to delete the item, WP_Error object otherwise.
	 */
	public function delete_current_item_permissions_check( $request ) {
		$request['id'] = get_current_user_id();

		return $this->delete_item_permissions_check( $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Deletes the current user.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response|WP_Error Response object on success, or WP_Error object on failure.
	 */
	public function delete_current_item( $request ) {
		$request['id'] = get_current_user_id();

		return $this->delete_item( $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single user output for response.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 * @since 5.9.0 Renamed `$user` to `$item` to match parent class for PHP 8 named parameter support.
	 *
	 * @param WP_User         $item    User object.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return WP_REST_Response Response object.
	 */
	public function prepare_item_for_response( $item, $request ) {
		// Restores the more descriptive, specific name for use within this method.
		$user = $item;

		// Don't prepare the response body for HEAD requests.
		if ( $request->is_method( 'HEAD' ) ) {
			/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/rest-api/endpoints/class-wp-rest-users-controller.php */
			return apply_filters( 'rest_prepare_user', new WP_REST_Response( array() ), $user, $request );
		}

		$fields = $this->get_fields_for_response( $request );
		$data   = array();

		if ( in_array( 'id', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['id'] = $user->ID;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'username', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['username'] = $user->user_login;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'name', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['name'] = $user->display_name;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'first_name', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['first_name'] = $user->first_name;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'last_name', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['last_name'] = $user->last_name;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'email', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['email'] = $user->user_email;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'url', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['url'] = $user->user_url;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'description', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['description'] = $user->description;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'link', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['link'] = get_author_posts_url( $user->ID, $user->user_nicename );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'locale', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['locale'] = get_user_locale( $user );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'nickname', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['nickname'] = $user->nickname;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'slug', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['slug'] = $user->user_nicename;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'roles', $fields, true ) ) {
			// Defensively call array_values() to ensure an array is returned.
			$data['roles'] = array_values( $user->roles );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'registered_date', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['registered_date'] = gmdate( 'c', strtotime( $user->user_registered ) );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'capabilities', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['capabilities'] = (object) $user->allcaps;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'extra_capabilities', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['extra_capabilities'] = (object) $user->caps;
		}

		if ( in_array( 'avatar_urls', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['avatar_urls'] = rest_get_avatar_urls( $user );
		}

		if ( in_array( 'meta', $fields, true ) ) {
			$data['meta'] = $this->meta->get_value( $user->ID, $request );
		}

		$context = ! empty( $request['context'] ) ? $request['context'] : 'embed';

		$data = $this->add_additional_fields_to_object( $data, $request );
		$data = $this->filter_response_by_context( $data, $context );

		// Wrap the data in a response object.
		$response = rest_ensure_response( $data );

		if ( rest_is_field_included( '_links', $fields ) || rest_is_field_included( '_embedded', $fields ) ) {
			$response->add_links( $this->prepare_links( $user ) );
		}

		/**
		 * Filters user data returned from the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param WP_REST_Response $response The response object.
		 * @param WP_User          $user     User object used to create response.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request  $request  Request object.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_prepare_user', $response, $user, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares links for the user request.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_User $user User object.
	 * @return array Links for the given user.
	 */
	protected function prepare_links( $user ) {
		$links = array(
			'self'       => array(
				'href' => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s/%d', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base, $user->ID ) ),
			),
			'collection' => array(
				'href' => rest_url( sprintf( '%s/%s', $this->namespace, $this->rest_base ) ),
			),
		);

		return $links;
	}

	/**
	 * Prepares a single user for creation or update.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Request object.
	 * @return object User object.
	 */
	protected function prepare_item_for_database( $request ) {
		$prepared_user = new stdClass();

		$schema = $this->get_item_schema();

		// Required arguments.
		if ( isset( $request['email'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['email'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->user_email = $request['email'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['username'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['username'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->user_login = $request['username'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['password'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['password'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->user_pass = $request['password'];
		}

		// Optional arguments.
		if ( isset( $request['id'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->ID = absint( $request['id'] );
		}

		if ( isset( $request['name'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['name'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->display_name = $request['name'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['first_name'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['first_name'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->first_name = $request['first_name'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['last_name'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['last_name'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->last_name = $request['last_name'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['nickname'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['nickname'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->nickname = $request['nickname'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['slug'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['slug'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->user_nicename = $request['slug'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['description'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['description'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->description = $request['description'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['url'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['url'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->user_url = $request['url'];
		}

		if ( isset( $request['locale'] ) && ! empty( $schema['properties']['locale'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->locale = $request['locale'];
		}

		// Setting roles will be handled outside of this function.
		if ( isset( $request['roles'] ) ) {
			$prepared_user->role = false;
		}

		/**
		 * Filters user data before insertion via the REST API.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param object          $prepared_user User object.
		 * @param WP_REST_Request $request       Request object.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_pre_insert_user', $prepared_user, $request );
	}

	/**
	 * Determines if the current user is allowed to make the desired roles change.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @global WP_Roles $wp_roles WordPress role management object.
	 *
	 * @param int   $user_id User ID.
	 * @param array $roles   New user roles.
	 * @return true|WP_Error True if the current user is allowed to make the role change,
	 *                       otherwise a WP_Error object.
	 */
	protected function check_role_update( $user_id, $roles ) {
		global $wp_roles;

		foreach ( $roles as $role ) {

			if ( ! isset( $wp_roles->role_objects[ $role ] ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_user_invalid_role',
					/* translators: %s: Role key. */
					sprintf( __( 'The role %s does not exist.' ), $role ),
					array( 'status' => 400 )
				);
			}

			$potential_role = $wp_roles->role_objects[ $role ];

			/*
			 * Don't let anyone with 'edit_users' (admins) edit their own role to something without it.
			 * Multisite super admins can freely edit their blog roles -- they possess all caps.
			 */
			if ( ! ( is_multisite()
				&& current_user_can( 'manage_sites' ) )
				&& get_current_user_id() === $user_id
				&& ! $potential_role->has_cap( 'edit_users' )
			) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_user_invalid_role',
					__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to give users that role.' ),
					array( 'status' => rest_authorization_required_code() )
				);
			}

			// Include user admin functions to get access to get_editable_roles().
			require_once ABSPATH . 'wp-admin/includes/user.php';

			// The new role must be editable by the logged-in user.
			$editable_roles = get_editable_roles();

			if ( empty( $editable_roles[ $role ] ) ) {
				return new WP_Error(
					'rest_user_invalid_role',
					__( 'Sorry, you are not allowed to give users that role.' ),
					array( 'status' => 403 )
				);
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Check a username for the REST API.
	 *
	 * Performs a couple of checks like edit_user() in wp-admin/includes/user.php.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string          $value   The username submitted in the request.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @param string          $param   The parameter name.
	 * @return string|WP_Error The sanitized username, if valid, otherwise an error.
	 */
	public function check_username( $value, $request, $param ) {
		$username = (string) $value;

		if ( ! validate_username( $username ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_username',
				__( 'This username is invalid because it uses illegal characters. Please enter a valid username.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		/** This filter is documented in wp-includes/user.php */
		$illegal_logins = (array) apply_filters( 'illegal_user_logins', array() );

		if ( in_array( strtolower( $username ), array_map( 'strtolower', $illegal_logins ), true ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_username',
				__( 'Sorry, that username is not allowed.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		return $username;
	}

	/**
	 * Check a user password for the REST API.
	 *
	 * Performs a couple of checks like edit_user() in wp-admin/includes/user.php.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @param string          $value   The password submitted in the request.
	 * @param WP_REST_Request $request Full details about the request.
	 * @param string          $param   The parameter name.
	 * @return string|WP_Error The sanitized password, if valid, otherwise an error.
	 */
	public function check_user_password(
		#[\SensitiveParameter]
		$value,
		$request,
		$param
	) {
		$password = (string) $value;

		if ( empty( $password ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_password',
				__( 'Passwords cannot be empty.' ),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		if ( str_contains( $password, '\\' ) ) {
			return new WP_Error(
				'rest_user_invalid_password',
				sprintf(
					/* translators: %s: The '\' character. */
					__( 'Passwords cannot contain the "%s" character.' ),
					'\\'
				),
				array( 'status' => 400 )
			);
		}

		return $password;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the user's schema, conforming to JSON Schema.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Item schema data.
	 */
	public function get_item_schema() {
		if ( $this->schema ) {
			return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
		}

		$schema = array(
			'$schema'    => 'http://json-schema.org/draft-04/schema#',
			'title'      => 'user',
			'type'       => 'object',
			'properties' => array(
				'id'                 => array(
					'description' => __( 'Unique identifier for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'integer',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'username'           => array(
					'description' => __( 'Login name for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'required'    => true,
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'check_username' ),
					),
				),
				'name'               => array(
					'description' => __( 'Display name for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'first_name'         => array(
					'description' => __( 'First name for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'last_name'          => array(
					'description' => __( 'Last name for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'email'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'The email address for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'email',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'required'    => true,
				),
				'url'                => array(
					'description' => __( 'URL of the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
				),
				'description'        => array(
					'description' => __( 'Description of the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
				),
				'link'               => array(
					'description' => __( 'Author URL of the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'locale'             => array(
					'description' => __( 'Locale for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'enum'        => array_merge( array( '', 'en_US' ), get_available_languages() ),
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
				),
				'nickname'           => array(
					'description' => __( 'The nickname for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => 'sanitize_text_field',
					),
				),
				'slug'               => array(
					'description' => __( 'An alphanumeric identifier for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'sanitize_slug' ),
					),
				),
				'registered_date'    => array(
					'description' => __( 'Registration date for the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'date-time',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'roles'              => array(
					'description' => __( 'Roles assigned to the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'array',
					'items'       => array(
						'type' => 'string',
					),
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
				),
				'password'           => array(
					'description' => __( 'Password for the user (never included).' ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'context'     => array(), // Password is never displayed.
					'required'    => true,
					'arg_options' => array(
						'sanitize_callback' => array( $this, 'check_user_password' ),
					),
				),
				'capabilities'       => array(
					'description' => __( 'All capabilities assigned to the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'object',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
				'extra_capabilities' => array(
					'description' => __( 'Any extra capabilities assigned to the user.' ),
					'type'        => 'object',
					'context'     => array( 'edit' ),
					'readonly'    => true,
				),
			),
		);

		if ( get_option( 'show_avatars' ) ) {
			$avatar_properties = array();

			$avatar_sizes = rest_get_avatar_sizes();

			foreach ( $avatar_sizes as $size ) {
				$avatar_properties[ $size ] = array(
					/* translators: %d: Avatar image size in pixels. */
					'description' => sprintf( __( 'Avatar URL with image size of %d pixels.' ), $size ),
					'type'        => 'string',
					'format'      => 'uri',
					'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
				);
			}

			$schema['properties']['avatar_urls'] = array(
				'description' => __( 'Avatar URLs for the user.' ),
				'type'        => 'object',
				'context'     => array( 'embed', 'view', 'edit' ),
				'readonly'    => true,
				'properties'  => $avatar_properties,
			);
		}

		$schema['properties']['meta'] = $this->meta->get_field_schema();

		$this->schema = $schema;

		return $this->add_additional_fields_schema( $this->schema );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieves the query params for collections.
	 *
	 * @since 4.7.0
	 *
	 * @return array Collection parameters.
	 */
	public function get_collection_params() {
		$query_params = parent::get_collection_params();

		$query_params['context']['default'] = 'view';

		$query_params['exclude'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Ensure result set excludes specific IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
			'default'     => array(),
		);

		$query_params['include'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to specific IDs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'integer',
			),
			'default'     => array(),
		);

		$query_params['offset'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Offset the result set by a specific number of items.' ),
			'type'        => 'integer',
		);

		$query_params['order'] = array(
			'default'     => 'asc',
			'description' => __( 'Order sort attribute ascending or descending.' ),
			'enum'        => array( 'asc', 'desc' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		$query_params['orderby'] = array(
			'default'     => 'name',
			'description' => __( 'Sort collection by user attribute.' ),
			'enum'        => array(
				'id',
				'include',
				'name',
				'registered_date',
				'slug',
				'include_slugs',
				'email',
				'url',
			),
			'type'        => 'string',
		);

		$query_params['slug'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to users with one or more specific slugs.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'string',
			),
		);

		$query_params['roles'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to users matching at least one specific role provided. Accepts csv list or single role.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'string',
			),
		);

		$query_params['capabilities'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to users matching at least one specific capability provided. Accepts csv list or single capability.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'string',
			),
		);

		$query_params['who'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to users who are considered authors.' ),
			'type'        => 'string',
			'enum'        => array(
				'authors',
			),
		);

		$query_params['has_published_posts'] = array(
			'description' => __( 'Limit result set to users who have published posts.' ),
			'type'        => array( 'boolean', 'array' ),
			'items'       => array(
				'type' => 'string',
				'enum' => get_post_types( array( 'show_in_rest' => true ), 'names' ),
			),
		);

		$query_params['search_columns'] = array(
			'default'     => array(),
			'description' => __( 'Array of column names to be searched.' ),
			'type'        => 'array',
			'items'       => array(
				'enum' => array( 'email', 'name', 'id', 'username', 'slug' ),
				'type' => 'string',
			),
		);

		/**
		 * Filters REST API collection parameters for the users controller.
		 *
		 * This filter registers the collection parameter, but does not map the
		 * collection parameter to an internal WP_User_Query parameter.  Use the
		 * `rest_user_query` filter to set WP_User_Query arguments.
		 *
		 * @since 4.7.0
		 *
		 * @param array $query_params JSON Schema-formatted collection parameters.
		 */
		return apply_filters( 'rest_user_collection_params', $query_params );
	}
}
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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