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<?php

namespace Safe;

use Safe\Exceptions\MysqlException;

/**
 * mysql_close closes the non-persistent connection to
 * the MySQL server that's associated with the specified link identifier. If
 * link_identifier isn't specified, the last opened
 * link is used.
 *
 *
 * Open non-persistent MySQL connections and result sets are automatically destroyed when a
 * PHP script finishes its execution. So, while explicitly closing open
 * connections and freeing result sets is optional, doing so is recommended.
 * This will immediately return resources to PHP and MySQL, which can
 * improve performance. For related information, see
 * freeing resources
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no connection is found or
 * established, an E_WARNING level error is
 * generated.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_close($link_identifier = null): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_close($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * Opens or reuses a connection to a MySQL server.
 *
 * @param string $server The MySQL server. It can also include a port number. e.g.
 * "hostname:port" or a path to a local socket e.g. ":/path/to/socket" for
 * the localhost.
 *
 * If the PHP directive
 * mysql.default_host is undefined (default), then the default
 * value is 'localhost:3306'. In SQL safe mode, this parameter is ignored
 * and value 'localhost:3306' is always used.
 * @param string $username The username. Default value is defined by mysql.default_user. In
 * SQL safe mode, this parameter is ignored and the name of the user that
 * owns the server process is used.
 * @param string $password The password. Default value is defined by mysql.default_password. In
 * SQL safe mode, this parameter is ignored and empty password is used.
 * @param bool $new_link If a second call is made to mysql_connect
 * with the same arguments, no new link will be established, but
 * instead, the link identifier of the already opened link will be
 * returned. The new_link parameter modifies this
 * behavior and makes mysql_connect always open
 * a new link, even if mysql_connect was called
 * before with the same parameters.
 * In SQL safe mode, this parameter is ignored.
 * @param int $client_flags The client_flags parameter can be a combination
 * of the following constants:
 * 128 (enable LOAD DATA LOCAL handling),
 * MYSQL_CLIENT_SSL,
 * MYSQL_CLIENT_COMPRESS,
 * MYSQL_CLIENT_IGNORE_SPACE or
 * MYSQL_CLIENT_INTERACTIVE.
 * Read the section about  for further information.
 * In SQL safe mode, this parameter is ignored.
 * @return resource Returns a MySQL link identifier on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_connect(string $server = null, string $username = null, string $password = null, bool $new_link = false, int $client_flags = 0)
{
    error_clear_last();
    if ($client_flags !== 0) {
        $result = \mysql_connect($server, $username, $password, $new_link, $client_flags);
    } elseif ($new_link !== false) {
        $result = \mysql_connect($server, $username, $password, $new_link);
    } elseif ($password !== null) {
        $result = \mysql_connect($server, $username, $password);
    } elseif ($username !== null) {
        $result = \mysql_connect($server, $username);
    } elseif ($server !== null) {
        $result = \mysql_connect($server);
    } else {
        $result = \mysql_connect();
    }
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_create_db attempts to create a new
 * database on the server associated with the specified link
 * identifier.
 *
 * @param string $database_name The name of the database being created.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_create_db(string $database_name, $link_identifier = null): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_create_db($database_name, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * mysql_data_seek moves the internal row
 * pointer of the MySQL result associated with the specified result
 * identifier to point to the specified row number.  The next call
 * to a MySQL fetch function, such as mysql_fetch_assoc,
 * would return that row.
 *
 * row_number starts at 0. The
 * row_number should be a value in the range from 0 to
 * mysql_num_rows - 1. However if the result set
 * is empty (mysql_num_rows == 0), a seek to 0 will
 * fail with an E_WARNING and
 * mysql_data_seek will return FALSE.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @param int $row_number The desired row number of the new result pointer.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_data_seek($result, int $row_number): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_data_seek($result, $row_number);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * Retrieve the database name from a call to
 * mysql_list_dbs.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result pointer from a call to mysql_list_dbs.
 * @param int $row The index into the result set.
 * @param mixed $field The field name.
 * @return string Returns the database name on success. If FALSE
 * is returned, use mysql_error to determine the nature
 * of the error.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_db_name($result, int $row, $field = null): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_db_name($result, $row, $field);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_db_query selects a database, and executes a
 * query on it.
 *
 * @param string $database The name of the database that will be selected.
 * @param string $query The MySQL query.
 *
 * Data inside the query should be properly escaped.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return resource|bool Returns a positive MySQL result resource to the query result. The function also returns TRUE/FALSE for
 * INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE
 * queries to indicate success/failure.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_db_query(string $database, string $query, $link_identifier = null)
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_db_query($database, $query, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_drop_db attempts to drop (remove) an
 * entire database from the server associated with the specified
 * link identifier. This function is deprecated, it is preferable to use
 * mysql_query to issue an sql
 * DROP DATABASE statement instead.
 *
 * @param string $database_name The name of the database that will be deleted.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_drop_db(string $database_name, $link_identifier = null): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_drop_db($database_name, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * Returns an array that corresponds to the lengths of each field
 * in the last row fetched by MySQL.
 *
 * mysql_fetch_lengths stores the lengths of
 * each result column in the last row returned by
 * mysql_fetch_row,
 * mysql_fetch_assoc,
 * mysql_fetch_array, and
 * mysql_fetch_object in an array, starting at
 * offset 0.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @return array An array of lengths on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_fetch_lengths($result): array
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_fetch_lengths($result);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_field_flags returns the field flags of
 * the specified field. The flags are reported as a single word
 * per flag separated by a single space, so that you can split the
 * returned value using explode.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @param int $field_offset The numerical field offset. The
 * field_offset starts at 0. If
 * field_offset does not exist, an error of level
 * E_WARNING is also issued.
 * @return string Returns a string of flags associated with the result.
 *
 * The following flags are reported, if your version of MySQL
 * is current enough to support them: "not_null",
 * "primary_key", "unique_key",
 * "multiple_key", "blob",
 * "unsigned", "zerofill",
 * "binary", "enum",
 * "auto_increment" and "timestamp".
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_field_flags($result, int $field_offset): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_field_flags($result, $field_offset);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_field_len returns the length of the
 * specified field.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @param int $field_offset The numerical field offset. The
 * field_offset starts at 0. If
 * field_offset does not exist, an error of level
 * E_WARNING is also issued.
 * @return int The length of the specified field index on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_field_len($result, int $field_offset): int
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_field_len($result, $field_offset);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_field_name returns the name of the
 * specified field index.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @param int $field_offset The numerical field offset. The
 * field_offset starts at 0. If
 * field_offset does not exist, an error of level
 * E_WARNING is also issued.
 * @return string The name of the specified field index on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_field_name($result, int $field_offset): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_field_name($result, $field_offset);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Seeks to the specified field offset.  If the next call to
 * mysql_fetch_field doesn't include a field
 * offset, the field offset specified in
 * mysql_field_seek will be returned.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @param int $field_offset The numerical field offset. The
 * field_offset starts at 0. If
 * field_offset does not exist, an error of level
 * E_WARNING is also issued.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_field_seek($result, int $field_offset): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_field_seek($result, $field_offset);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * mysql_free_result will free all memory
 * associated with the result identifier result.
 *
 * mysql_free_result only needs to be called if
 * you are concerned about how much memory is being used for queries
 * that return large result sets.  All associated result memory is
 * automatically freed at the end of the script's execution.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_free_result($result): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_free_result($result);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * Describes the type of connection in use for the connection, including the
 * server host name.
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return string Returns a string describing the type of MySQL connection in use for the
 * connection.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_get_host_info($link_identifier = null): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_get_host_info($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves the MySQL protocol.
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return int Returns the MySQL protocol on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_get_proto_info($link_identifier = null): int
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_get_proto_info($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves the MySQL server version.
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return string Returns the MySQL server version on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_get_server_info($link_identifier = null): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_get_server_info($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Returns detailed information about the last query.
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return string Returns information about the statement on success. See the example below for which statements provide information,
 * and what the returned value may look like. Statements that are not listed
 * will return FALSE.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_info($link_identifier = null): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_info($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Returns a result pointer containing the databases available from the
 * current mysql daemon.
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return resource Returns a result pointer resource on success. Use the mysql_tablename function to traverse
 * this result pointer, or any function for result tables, such as
 * mysql_fetch_array.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_list_dbs($link_identifier = null)
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_list_dbs($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves information about the given table name.
 *
 * This function is deprecated. It is preferable to use
 * mysql_query to issue an SQL SHOW COLUMNS FROM
 * table [LIKE 'name'] statement instead.
 *
 * @param string $database_name The name of the database that's being queried.
 * @param string $table_name The name of the table that's being queried.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return resource A result pointer resource on success.
 *
 * The returned result can be used with mysql_field_flags,
 * mysql_field_len,
 * mysql_field_name and
 * mysql_field_type.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_list_fields(string $database_name, string $table_name, $link_identifier = null)
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_list_fields($database_name, $table_name, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves the current MySQL server threads.
 *
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return resource A result pointer resource on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_list_processes($link_identifier = null)
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_list_processes($link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves a list of table names from a MySQL database.
 *
 * This function is deprecated. It is preferable to use
 * mysql_query to issue an SQL SHOW TABLES
 * [FROM db_name] [LIKE 'pattern'] statement instead.
 *
 * @param string $database The name of the database
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return resource A result pointer resource on success.
 *
 * Use the mysql_tablename function to
 * traverse this result pointer, or any function for result tables,
 * such as mysql_fetch_array.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_list_tables(string $database, $link_identifier = null)
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_list_tables($database, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves the number of fields from a query.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @return int Returns the number of fields in the result set resource on
 * success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_num_fields($result): int
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_num_fields($result);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves the number of rows from a result set. This command is only valid
 * for statements like SELECT or SHOW that return an actual result set.
 * To retrieve the number of rows affected by a INSERT, UPDATE, REPLACE or
 * DELETE query, use mysql_affected_rows.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @return int The number of rows in a result set on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_num_rows($result): int
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_num_rows($result);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * mysql_query sends a unique query (multiple queries
 * are not supported) to the currently
 * active database on the server that's associated with the
 * specified link_identifier.
 *
 * @param string $query An SQL query
 *
 * The query string should not end with a semicolon.
 * Data inside the query should be properly escaped.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return resource|bool For SELECT, SHOW, DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN and other statements returning resultset,
 * mysql_query
 * returns a resource on success.
 *
 * For other type of SQL statements, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, DROP, etc,
 * mysql_query returns TRUE on success.
 *
 * The returned result resource should be passed to
 * mysql_fetch_array, and other
 * functions for dealing with result tables, to access the returned data.
 *
 * Use mysql_num_rows to find out how many rows
 * were returned for a SELECT statement or
 * mysql_affected_rows to find out how many
 * rows were affected by a DELETE, INSERT, REPLACE, or UPDATE
 * statement.
 *
 * mysql_query will also fail and return FALSE
 * if the user does not have permission to access the table(s) referenced by
 * the query.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_query(string $query, $link_identifier = null)
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_query($query, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Escapes special characters in the unescaped_string,
 * taking into account the current character set of the connection so that it
 * is safe to place it in a mysql_query. If binary data
 * is to be inserted, this function must be used.
 *
 * mysql_real_escape_string calls MySQL's library function
 * mysql_real_escape_string, which prepends backslashes to the following characters:
 * \x00, \n,
 * \r, \, ',
 * " and \x1a.
 *
 * This function must always (with few exceptions) be used to make data
 * safe before sending a query to MySQL.
 *
 * @param string $unescaped_string The string that is to be escaped.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @return string Returns the escaped string.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_real_escape_string(string $unescaped_string, $link_identifier = null): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_real_escape_string($unescaped_string, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Retrieves the contents of one cell from a MySQL result set.
 *
 * When working on large result sets, you should consider using one
 * of the functions that fetch an entire row (specified below).  As
 * these functions return the contents of multiple cells in one
 * function call, they're MUCH quicker than
 * mysql_result.  Also, note that specifying a
 * numeric offset for the field argument is much quicker than
 * specifying a fieldname or tablename.fieldname argument.
 *
 * @param resource $result The result resource that
 * is being evaluated. This result comes from a call to
 * mysql_query.
 * @param int $row The row number from the result that's being retrieved. Row numbers
 * start at 0.
 * @param mixed $field The name or offset of the field being retrieved.
 *
 * It can be the field's offset, the field's name, or the field's table
 * dot field name (tablename.fieldname). If the column name has been
 * aliased ('select foo as bar from...'), use the alias instead of the
 * column name. If undefined, the first field is retrieved.
 * @return string The contents of one cell from a MySQL result set on success.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_result($result, int $row, $field = 0): string
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_result($result, $row, $field);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
    return $result;
}


/**
 * Sets the current active database on the server that's associated with the
 * specified link identifier. Every subsequent call to
 * mysql_query will be made on the active database.
 *
 * @param string $database_name The name of the database that is to be selected.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
 * E_WARNING level error is generated.
 * @throws MysqlException
 *
 */
function mysql_select_db(string $database_name, $link_identifier = null): void
{
    error_clear_last();
    $result = \mysql_select_db($database_name, $link_identifier);
    if ($result === false) {
        throw MysqlException::createFromPhpError();
    }
}


/**
 * Sets the default character set for the current connection.
 *
 * @param string $charset A valid character set name.
 * @param resource $link_identifier The MySQL connection. If the
 * link identifier is not specified, the last link opened by
 * mysql_connect is assumed. If no such link is found, it
 * will try to create one as if mysql_connect had been called
 * with no arguments. If no connection is found or established, an
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¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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