Current File : //proc/thread-self/root/usr/share/php/tcpdf/include/barcodes/datamatrix.php
<?php
//============================================================+
// File name   : datamatrix.php
// Version     : 1.0.008
// Begin       : 2010-06-07
// Last Update : 2014-05-06
// Author      : Nicola Asuni - Tecnick.com LTD - www.tecnick.com - info@tecnick.com
// License     : GNU-LGPL v3 (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/lesser.html)
// -------------------------------------------------------------------
// Copyright (C) 2010-2014  Nicola Asuni - Tecnick.com LTD
//
// This file is part of TCPDF software library.
//
// TCPDF is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify it
// under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as
// published by the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the
// License, or (at your option) any later version.
//
// TCPDF is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
// WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
// See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
// along with TCPDF.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
//
// See LICENSE.TXT file for more information.
// -------------------------------------------------------------------
//
// DESCRIPTION :
//
// Class to create DataMatrix ECC 200 barcode arrays for TCPDF class.
// DataMatrix (ISO/IEC 16022:2006) is a 2-dimensional bar code.
//============================================================+

/**
* @file
* Class to create DataMatrix ECC 200 barcode arrays for TCPDF class.
* DataMatrix (ISO/IEC 16022:2006) is a 2-dimensional bar code.
*
* @package com.tecnick.tcpdf
* @author Nicola Asuni
* @version 1.0.008
*/

// custom definitions
if (!defined('DATAMATRIXDEFS')) {

	/**
	 * Indicate that definitions for this class are set
	 */
	define('DATAMATRIXDEFS', true);

	// -----------------------------------------------------

} // end of custom definitions

// #*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#*#


/**
* ASCII encoding: ASCII character 0 to 127 (1 byte per CW)
*/
define('ENC_ASCII', 0);

/**
* C40 encoding: Upper-case alphanumeric (3/2 bytes per CW)
*/
define('ENC_C40', 1);

/**
* TEXT encoding: Lower-case alphanumeric (3/2 bytes per CW)
*/
define('ENC_TXT', 2);

/**
* X12 encoding: ANSI X12 (3/2 byte per CW)
*/
define('ENC_X12', 3);

/**
* EDIFACT encoding: ASCII character 32 to 94 (4/3 bytes per CW)
*/
define('ENC_EDF', 4);

/**
* BASE 256 encoding: ASCII character 0 to 255 (1 byte per CW)
*/
define('ENC_BASE256', 5);

/**
* ASCII extended encoding: ASCII character 128 to 255 (1/2 byte per CW)
*/
define('ENC_ASCII_EXT', 6);

/**
* ASCII number encoding: ASCII digits (2 bytes per CW)
*/
define('ENC_ASCII_NUM', 7);

/**
* @class Datamatrix
* Class to create DataMatrix ECC 200 barcode arrays for TCPDF class.
* DataMatrix (ISO/IEC 16022:2006) is a 2-dimensional bar code.
*
* @package com.tecnick.tcpdf
* @author Nicola Asuni
* @version 1.0.004
*/
class Datamatrix {

	/**
	 * Barcode array to be returned which is readable by TCPDF.
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected $barcode_array = array();

	/**
	 * Store last used encoding for data codewords.
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected $last_enc = ENC_ASCII;

	/**
	 * Table of Data Matrix ECC 200 Symbol Attributes:<ul>
	 * <li>total matrix rows (including finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>total matrix cols (including finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>total matrix rows (without finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>total matrix cols (without finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>region data rows (with finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>region data col (with finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>region data rows (without finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>region data col (without finder pattern)</li>
	 * <li>horizontal regions</li>
	 * <li>vertical regions</li>
	 * <li>regions</li>
	 * <li>data codewords</li>
	 * <li>error codewords</li>
	 * <li>blocks</li>
	 * <li>data codewords per block</li>
	 * <li>error codewords per block</li>
	 * </ul>
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected $symbattr = array(
		// square form ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
		array(0x00a,0x00a,0x008,0x008,0x00a,0x00a,0x008,0x008,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x003,0x005,0x001,0x003,0x005), // 10x10
		array(0x00c,0x00c,0x00a,0x00a,0x00c,0x00c,0x00a,0x00a,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x005,0x007,0x001,0x005,0x007), // 12x12
		array(0x00e,0x00e,0x00c,0x00c,0x00e,0x00e,0x00c,0x00c,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x008,0x00a,0x001,0x008,0x00a), // 14x14
		array(0x010,0x010,0x00e,0x00e,0x010,0x010,0x00e,0x00e,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x00c,0x00c,0x001,0x00c,0x00c), // 16x16
		array(0x012,0x012,0x010,0x010,0x012,0x012,0x010,0x010,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x012,0x00e,0x001,0x012,0x00e), // 18x18
		array(0x014,0x014,0x012,0x012,0x014,0x014,0x012,0x012,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x016,0x012,0x001,0x016,0x012), // 20x20
		array(0x016,0x016,0x014,0x014,0x016,0x016,0x014,0x014,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x01e,0x014,0x001,0x01e,0x014), // 22x22
		array(0x018,0x018,0x016,0x016,0x018,0x018,0x016,0x016,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x024,0x018,0x001,0x024,0x018), // 24x24
		array(0x01a,0x01a,0x018,0x018,0x01a,0x01a,0x018,0x018,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x02c,0x01c,0x001,0x02c,0x01c), // 26x26
		array(0x020,0x020,0x01c,0x01c,0x010,0x010,0x00e,0x00e,0x002,0x002,0x004,0x03e,0x024,0x001,0x03e,0x024), // 32x32
		array(0x024,0x024,0x020,0x020,0x012,0x012,0x010,0x010,0x002,0x002,0x004,0x056,0x02a,0x001,0x056,0x02a), // 36x36
		array(0x028,0x028,0x024,0x024,0x014,0x014,0x012,0x012,0x002,0x002,0x004,0x072,0x030,0x001,0x072,0x030), // 40x40
		array(0x02c,0x02c,0x028,0x028,0x016,0x016,0x014,0x014,0x002,0x002,0x004,0x090,0x038,0x001,0x090,0x038), // 44x44
		array(0x030,0x030,0x02c,0x02c,0x018,0x018,0x016,0x016,0x002,0x002,0x004,0x0ae,0x044,0x001,0x0ae,0x044), // 48x48
		array(0x034,0x034,0x030,0x030,0x01a,0x01a,0x018,0x018,0x002,0x002,0x004,0x0cc,0x054,0x002,0x066,0x02a), // 52x52
		array(0x040,0x040,0x038,0x038,0x010,0x010,0x00e,0x00e,0x004,0x004,0x010,0x118,0x070,0x002,0x08c,0x038), // 64x64
		array(0x048,0x048,0x040,0x040,0x012,0x012,0x010,0x010,0x004,0x004,0x010,0x170,0x090,0x004,0x05c,0x024), // 72x72
		array(0x050,0x050,0x048,0x048,0x014,0x014,0x012,0x012,0x004,0x004,0x010,0x1c8,0x0c0,0x004,0x072,0x030), // 80x80
		array(0x058,0x058,0x050,0x050,0x016,0x016,0x014,0x014,0x004,0x004,0x010,0x240,0x0e0,0x004,0x090,0x038), // 88x88
		array(0x060,0x060,0x058,0x058,0x018,0x018,0x016,0x016,0x004,0x004,0x010,0x2b8,0x110,0x004,0x0ae,0x044), // 96x96
		array(0x068,0x068,0x060,0x060,0x01a,0x01a,0x018,0x018,0x004,0x004,0x010,0x330,0x150,0x006,0x088,0x038), // 104x104
		array(0x078,0x078,0x06c,0x06c,0x014,0x014,0x012,0x012,0x006,0x006,0x024,0x41a,0x198,0x006,0x0af,0x044), // 120x120
		array(0x084,0x084,0x078,0x078,0x016,0x016,0x014,0x014,0x006,0x006,0x024,0x518,0x1f0,0x008,0x0a3,0x03e), // 132x132
		array(0x090,0x090,0x084,0x084,0x018,0x018,0x016,0x016,0x006,0x006,0x024,0x616,0x26c,0x00a,0x09c,0x03e), // 144x144
		// rectangular form (currently unused) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
		array(0x008,0x012,0x006,0x010,0x008,0x012,0x006,0x010,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x005,0x007,0x001,0x005,0x007), // 8x18
		array(0x008,0x020,0x006,0x01c,0x008,0x010,0x006,0x00e,0x001,0x002,0x002,0x00a,0x00b,0x001,0x00a,0x00b), // 8x32
		array(0x00c,0x01a,0x00a,0x018,0x00c,0x01a,0x00a,0x018,0x001,0x001,0x001,0x010,0x00e,0x001,0x010,0x00e), // 12x26
		array(0x00c,0x024,0x00a,0x020,0x00c,0x012,0x00a,0x010,0x001,0x002,0x002,0x00c,0x012,0x001,0x00c,0x012), // 12x36
		array(0x010,0x024,0x00e,0x020,0x010,0x012,0x00e,0x010,0x001,0x002,0x002,0x020,0x018,0x001,0x020,0x018), // 16x36
		array(0x010,0x030,0x00e,0x02c,0x010,0x018,0x00e,0x016,0x001,0x002,0x002,0x031,0x01c,0x001,0x031,0x01c)  // 16x48
	);

	/**
	 * Map encodation modes whit character sets.
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected $chset_id = array(ENC_C40 => 'C40', ENC_TXT => 'TXT', ENC_X12 =>'X12');

	/**
	 * Basic set of characters for each encodation mode.
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected $chset = array(
		'C40' => array( // Basic set for C40 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
			'S1'=>0x00,'S2'=>0x01,'S3'=>0x02,0x20=>0x03,0x30=>0x04,0x31=>0x05,0x32=>0x06,0x33=>0x07,0x34=>0x08,0x35=>0x09, //
			0x36=>0x0a,0x37=>0x0b,0x38=>0x0c,0x39=>0x0d,0x41=>0x0e,0x42=>0x0f,0x43=>0x10,0x44=>0x11,0x45=>0x12,0x46=>0x13, //
			0x47=>0x14,0x48=>0x15,0x49=>0x16,0x4a=>0x17,0x4b=>0x18,0x4c=>0x19,0x4d=>0x1a,0x4e=>0x1b,0x4f=>0x1c,0x50=>0x1d, //
			0x51=>0x1e,0x52=>0x1f,0x53=>0x20,0x54=>0x21,0x55=>0x22,0x56=>0x23,0x57=>0x24,0x58=>0x25,0x59=>0x26,0x5a=>0x27),//
		'TXT' => array( // Basic set for TEXT ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
			'S1'=>0x00,'S2'=>0x01,'S3'=>0x02,0x20=>0x03,0x30=>0x04,0x31=>0x05,0x32=>0x06,0x33=>0x07,0x34=>0x08,0x35=>0x09, //
			0x36=>0x0a,0x37=>0x0b,0x38=>0x0c,0x39=>0x0d,0x61=>0x0e,0x62=>0x0f,0x63=>0x10,0x64=>0x11,0x65=>0x12,0x66=>0x13, //
			0x67=>0x14,0x68=>0x15,0x69=>0x16,0x6a=>0x17,0x6b=>0x18,0x6c=>0x19,0x6d=>0x1a,0x6e=>0x1b,0x6f=>0x1c,0x70=>0x1d, //
			0x71=>0x1e,0x72=>0x1f,0x73=>0x20,0x74=>0x21,0x75=>0x22,0x76=>0x23,0x77=>0x24,0x78=>0x25,0x79=>0x26,0x7a=>0x27),//
		'SH1' => array( // Shift 1 set ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
			0x00=>0x00,0x01=>0x01,0x02=>0x02,0x03=>0x03,0x04=>0x04,0x05=>0x05,0x06=>0x06,0x07=>0x07,0x08=>0x08,0x09=>0x09, //
			0x0a=>0x0a,0x0b=>0x0b,0x0c=>0x0c,0x0d=>0x0d,0x0e=>0x0e,0x0f=>0x0f,0x10=>0x10,0x11=>0x11,0x12=>0x12,0x13=>0x13, //
			0x14=>0x14,0x15=>0x15,0x16=>0x16,0x17=>0x17,0x18=>0x18,0x19=>0x19,0x1a=>0x1a,0x1b=>0x1b,0x1c=>0x1c,0x1d=>0x1d, //
			0x1e=>0x1e,0x1f=>0x1f),                                                                                        //
		'SH2' => array( // Shift 2 set ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
			0x21=>0x00,0x22=>0x01,0x23=>0x02,0x24=>0x03,0x25=>0x04,0x26=>0x05,0x27=>0x06,0x28=>0x07,0x29=>0x08,0x2a=>0x09, //
			0x2b=>0x0a,0x2c=>0x0b,0x2d=>0x0c,0x2e=>0x0d,0x2f=>0x0e,0x3a=>0x0f,0x3b=>0x10,0x3c=>0x11,0x3d=>0x12,0x3e=>0x13, //
			0x3f=>0x14,0x40=>0x15,0x5b=>0x16,0x5c=>0x17,0x5d=>0x18,0x5e=>0x19,0x5f=>0x1a,'F1'=>0x1b,'US'=>0x1e),           //
		'S3C' => array( // Shift 3 set for C40 --------------------------------------------------------------------------
			0x60=>0x00,0x61=>0x01,0x62=>0x02,0x63=>0x03,0x64=>0x04,0x65=>0x05,0x66=>0x06,0x67=>0x07,0x68=>0x08,0x69=>0x09, //
			0x6a=>0x0a,0x6b=>0x0b,0x6c=>0x0c,0x6d=>0x0d,0x6e=>0x0e,0x6f=>0x0f,0x70=>0x10,0x71=>0x11,0x72=>0x12,0x73=>0x13, //
			0x74=>0x14,0x75=>0x15,0x76=>0x16,0x77=>0x17,0x78=>0x18,0x79=>0x19,0x7a=>0x1a,0x7b=>0x1b,0x7c=>0x1c,0x7d=>0x1d, //
			0x7e=>0x1e,0x7f=>0x1f),
		'S3T' => array( // Shift 3 set for TEXT -------------------------------------------------------------------------
			0x60=>0x00,0x41=>0x01,0x42=>0x02,0x43=>0x03,0x44=>0x04,0x45=>0x05,0x46=>0x06,0x47=>0x07,0x48=>0x08,0x49=>0x09, //
			0x4a=>0x0a,0x4b=>0x0b,0x4c=>0x0c,0x4d=>0x0d,0x4e=>0x0e,0x4f=>0x0f,0x50=>0x10,0x51=>0x11,0x52=>0x12,0x53=>0x13, //
			0x54=>0x14,0x55=>0x15,0x56=>0x16,0x57=>0x17,0x58=>0x18,0x59=>0x19,0x5a=>0x1a,0x7b=>0x1b,0x7c=>0x1c,0x7d=>0x1d, //
			0x7e=>0x1e,0x7f=>0x1f),                                                                                        //
		'X12' => array( // Set for X12 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
			0x0d=>0x00,0x2a=>0x01,0x3e=>0x02,0x20=>0x03,0x30=>0x04,0x31=>0x05,0x32=>0x06,0x33=>0x07,0x34=>0x08,0x35=>0x09, //
			0x36=>0x0a,0x37=>0x0b,0x38=>0x0c,0x39=>0x0d,0x41=>0x0e,0x42=>0x0f,0x43=>0x10,0x44=>0x11,0x45=>0x12,0x46=>0x13, //
			0x47=>0x14,0x48=>0x15,0x49=>0x16,0x4a=>0x17,0x4b=>0x18,0x4c=>0x19,0x4d=>0x1a,0x4e=>0x1b,0x4f=>0x1c,0x50=>0x1d, //
			0x51=>0x1e,0x52=>0x1f,0x53=>0x20,0x54=>0x21,0x55=>0x22,0x56=>0x23,0x57=>0x24,0x58=>0x25,0x59=>0x26,0x5a=>0x27) //
		);

// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------

	/**
	 * This is the class constructor.
	 * Creates a datamatrix object
	 * @param string $code Code to represent using Datamatrix.
	 * @public
	 */
	public function __construct($code) {
		$barcode_array = array();
		if ((is_null($code)) OR ($code == '\0') OR ($code == '')) {
			return false;
		}
		// get data codewords
		$cw = $this->getHighLevelEncoding($code);
		// number of data codewords
		$nd = count($cw);
		// check size
		if ($nd > 1558) {
			return false;
		}
		// get minimum required matrix size.
		foreach ($this->symbattr as $params) {
			if ($params[11] >= $nd) {
				break;
			}
		}
		if ($params[11] < $nd) {
			// too much data
			return false;
		} elseif ($params[11] > $nd) {
			// add padding
			if ((($params[11] - $nd) > 1) AND ($cw[($nd - 1)] != 254)) {
				if ($this->last_enc == ENC_EDF) {
					// switch to ASCII encoding
					$cw[] = 124;
					++$nd;
				} elseif (($this->last_enc != ENC_ASCII) AND ($this->last_enc != ENC_BASE256)) {
					// switch to ASCII encoding
					$cw[] = 254;
					++$nd;
				}
			}
			if ($params[11] > $nd) {
				// add first pad
				$cw[] = 129;
				++$nd;
				// add remaining pads
				for ($i = $nd; $i < $params[11]; ++$i) {
					$cw[] = $this->get253StateCodeword(129, $i);
				}
			}
		}
		// add error correction codewords
		$cw = $this->getErrorCorrection($cw, $params[13], $params[14], $params[15]);
		// initialize empty arrays
		$grid = array_fill(0, ($params[2] * $params[3]), 0);
		// get placement map
		$places = $this->getPlacementMap($params[2], $params[3]);
		// fill the grid with data
		$grid = array();
		$i = 0;
		// region data row max index
		$rdri = ($params[4] - 1);
		// region data column max index
		$rdci = ($params[5] - 1);
		// for each vertical region
		for ($vr = 0; $vr < $params[9]; ++$vr) {
			// for each row on region
			for ($r = 0; $r < $params[4]; ++$r) {
				// get row
				$row = (($vr * $params[4]) + $r);
				// for each horizontal region
				for ($hr = 0; $hr < $params[8]; ++$hr) {
					// for each column on region
					for ($c = 0; $c < $params[5]; ++$c) {
						// get column
						$col = (($hr * $params[5]) + $c);
						// braw bits by case
						if ($r == 0) {
							// top finder pattern
							if ($c % 2) {
								$grid[$row][$col] = 0;
							} else {
								$grid[$row][$col] = 1;
							}
						} elseif ($r == $rdri) {
							// bottom finder pattern
							$grid[$row][$col] = 1;
						} elseif ($c == 0) {
							// left finder pattern
							$grid[$row][$col] = 1;
						} elseif ($c == $rdci) {
							// right finder pattern
							if ($r % 2) {
								$grid[$row][$col] = 1;
							} else {
								$grid[$row][$col] = 0;
							}
						} else { // data bit
							if ($places[$i] < 2) {
								$grid[$row][$col] = $places[$i];
							} else {
								// codeword ID
								$cw_id = (floor($places[$i] / 10) - 1);
								// codeword BIT mask
								$cw_bit = pow(2, (8 - ($places[$i] % 10)));
								$grid[$row][$col] = (($cw[$cw_id] & $cw_bit) == 0) ? 0 : 1;
							}
							++$i;
						}
					}
				}
			}
		}
		$this->barcode_array['num_rows'] = $params[0];
		$this->barcode_array['num_cols'] = $params[1];
		$this->barcode_array['bcode'] = $grid;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a barcode array which is readable by TCPDF
	 * @return array barcode array readable by TCPDF;
	 * @public
	 */
	public function getBarcodeArray() {
		return $this->barcode_array;
	}

	/**
	 * Product of two numbers in a Power-of-Two Galois Field
	 * @param int $a first number to multiply.
	 * @param int $b second number to multiply.
	 * @param array $log Log table.
	 * @param array $alog Anti-Log table.
	 * @param int $gf Number of Factors of the Reed-Solomon polynomial.
	 * @return int product
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function getGFProduct($a, $b, $log, $alog, $gf) {
		if (($a == 0) OR ($b == 0)) {
			return 0;
		}
		return ($alog[($log[$a] + $log[$b]) % ($gf - 1)]);
	}

	/**
	 * Add error correction codewords to data codewords array (ANNEX E).
	 * @param array $wd Array of datacodewords.
	 * @param int $nb Number of blocks.
	 * @param int $nd Number of data codewords per block.
	 * @param int $nc Number of correction codewords per block.
	 * @param int $gf numner of fields on log/antilog table (power of 2).
	 * @param int $pp The value of its prime modulus polynomial (301 for ECC200).
	 * @return array data codewords + error codewords
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function getErrorCorrection($wd, $nb, $nd, $nc, $gf=256, $pp=301) {
		// generate the log ($log) and antilog ($alog) tables
		$log[0] = 0;
		$alog[0] = 1;
		for ($i = 1; $i < $gf; ++$i) {
			$alog[$i] = ($alog[($i - 1)] * 2);
			if ($alog[$i] >= $gf) {
				$alog[$i] ^= $pp;
			}
			$log[$alog[$i]] = $i;
		}
		ksort($log);
		// generate the polynomial coefficients (c)
		$c = array_fill(0, ($nc + 1), 0);
		$c[0] = 1;
		for ($i = 1; $i <= $nc; ++$i) {
			$c[$i] = $c[($i-1)];
			for ($j = ($i - 1); $j >= 1; --$j) {
				$c[$j] = $c[($j - 1)] ^ $this->getGFProduct($c[$j], $alog[$i], $log, $alog, $gf);
			}
			$c[0] = $this->getGFProduct($c[0], $alog[$i], $log, $alog, $gf);
		}
		ksort($c);
		// total number of data codewords
		$num_wd = ($nb * $nd);
		// total number of error codewords
		$num_we = ($nb * $nc);
		// for each block
		for ($b = 0; $b < $nb; ++$b) {
			// create interleaved data block
			$block = array();
			for ($n = $b; $n < $num_wd; $n += $nb) {
				$block[] = $wd[$n];
			}
			// initialize error codewords
			$we = array_fill(0, ($nc + 1), 0);
			// calculate error correction codewords for this block
			for ($i = 0; $i < $nd; ++$i) {
				$k = ($we[0] ^ $block[$i]);
				for ($j = 0; $j < $nc; ++$j) {
					$we[$j] = ($we[($j + 1)] ^ $this->getGFProduct($k, $c[($nc - $j - 1)], $log, $alog, $gf));
				}
			}
			// add error codewords at the end of data codewords
			$j = 0;
			for ($i = $b; $i < $num_we; $i += $nb) {
				$wd[($num_wd + $i)] = $we[$j];
				++$j;
			}
		}
		// reorder codewords
		ksort($wd);
		return $wd;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the 253-state codeword
	 * @param int $cwpad Pad codeword.
	 * @param int $cwpos Number of data codewords from the beginning of encoded data.
	 * @return int pad codeword
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function get253StateCodeword($cwpad, $cwpos) {
		$pad = ($cwpad + (((149 * $cwpos) % 253) + 1));
		if ($pad > 254) {
			$pad -= 254;
		}
		return $pad;
	}

	/**
	 * Return the 255-state codeword
	 * @param int $cwpad Pad codeword.
	 * @param int $cwpos Number of data codewords from the beginning of encoded data.
	 * @return int pad codeword
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function get255StateCodeword($cwpad, $cwpos) {
		$pad = ($cwpad + (((149 * $cwpos) % 255) + 1));
		if ($pad > 255) {
			$pad -= 256;
		}
		return $pad;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns true if the char belongs to the selected mode
	 * @param int $chr Character (byte) to check.
	 * @param int $mode Current encoding mode.
	 * @return boolean true if the char is of the selected mode.
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function isCharMode($chr, $mode) {
		$status = false;
		switch ($mode) {
			case ENC_ASCII: { // ASCII character 0 to 127
				$status = (($chr >= 0) AND ($chr <= 127));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_C40: { // Upper-case alphanumeric
				$status = (($chr == 32) OR (($chr >= 48) AND ($chr <= 57)) OR (($chr >= 65) AND ($chr <= 90)));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_TXT: { // Lower-case alphanumeric
				$status = (($chr == 32) OR (($chr >= 48) AND ($chr <= 57)) OR (($chr >= 97) AND ($chr <= 122)));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_X12: { // ANSI X12
				$status = (($chr == 13) OR ($chr == 42) OR ($chr == 62));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_EDF: { // ASCII character 32 to 94
				$status = (($chr >= 32) AND ($chr <= 94));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_BASE256: { // Function character (FNC1, Structured Append, Reader Program, or Code Page)
				$status = (($chr == 232) OR ($chr == 233) OR ($chr == 234) OR ($chr == 241));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_ASCII_EXT: { // ASCII character 128 to 255
				$status = (($chr >= 128) AND ($chr <= 255));
				break;
			}
			case ENC_ASCII_NUM: { // ASCII digits
				$status = (($chr >= 48) AND ($chr <= 57));
				break;
			}
		}
		return $status;
	}

	/**
	 * The look-ahead test scans the data to be encoded to find the best mode (Annex P - steps from J to S).
	 * @param string $data data to encode
	 * @param int $pos current position
	 * @param int $mode current encoding mode
	 * @return int encoding mode
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function lookAheadTest($data, $pos, $mode) {
		$data_length = strlen($data);
		if ($pos >= $data_length) {
			return $mode;
		}
		$charscount = 0; // count processed chars
		// STEP J
		if ($mode == ENC_ASCII) {
			$numch = array(0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1.25);
		} else {
			$numch = array(1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2.25);
			$numch[$mode] = 0;
		}
		while (true) {
			// STEP K
			if (($pos + $charscount) == $data_length) {
				if ($numch[ENC_ASCII] <= ceil(min($numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256]))) {
					return ENC_ASCII;
				}
				if ($numch[ENC_BASE256] < ceil(min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_EDF]))) {
					return ENC_BASE256;
				}
				if ($numch[ENC_EDF] < ceil(min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_BASE256]))) {
					return ENC_EDF;
				}
				if ($numch[ENC_TXT] < ceil(min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256]))) {
					return ENC_TXT;
				}
				if ($numch[ENC_X12] < ceil(min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256]))) {
					return ENC_X12;
				}
				return ENC_C40;
			}
			// get char
			$chr = ord($data[$pos + $charscount]);
			$charscount++;
			// STEP L
			if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_NUM)) {
				$numch[ENC_ASCII] += (1 / 2);
			} elseif ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_EXT)) {
				$numch[ENC_ASCII] = ceil($numch[ENC_ASCII]);
				$numch[ENC_ASCII] += 2;
			} else {
				$numch[ENC_ASCII] = ceil($numch[ENC_ASCII]);
				$numch[ENC_ASCII] += 1;
			}
			// STEP M
			if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_C40)) {
				$numch[ENC_C40] += (2 / 3);
			} elseif ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_EXT)) {
				$numch[ENC_C40] += (8 / 3);
			} else {
				$numch[ENC_C40] += (4 / 3);
			}
			// STEP N
			if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_TXT)) {
				$numch[ENC_TXT] += (2 / 3);
			} elseif ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_EXT)) {
				$numch[ENC_TXT] += (8 / 3);
			} else {
				$numch[ENC_TXT] += (4 / 3);
			}
			// STEP O
			if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_X12) OR $this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_C40)) {
				$numch[ENC_X12] += (2 / 3);
			} elseif ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_EXT)) {
				$numch[ENC_X12] += (13 / 3);
			} else {
				$numch[ENC_X12] += (10 / 3);
			}
			// STEP P
			if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_EDF)) {
				$numch[ENC_EDF] += (3 / 4);
			} elseif ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_EXT)) {
				$numch[ENC_EDF] += (17 / 4);
			} else {
				$numch[ENC_EDF] += (13 / 4);
			}
			// STEP Q
			if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_BASE256)) {
				$numch[ENC_BASE256] += 4;
			} else {
				$numch[ENC_BASE256] += 1;
			}
			// STEP R
			if ($charscount >= 4) {
				if (($numch[ENC_ASCII] + 1) <= min($numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256])) {
					return ENC_ASCII;
				}
				if ((($numch[ENC_BASE256] + 1) <= $numch[ENC_ASCII])
					OR (($numch[ENC_BASE256] + 1) < min($numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_EDF]))) {
					return ENC_BASE256;
				}
				if (($numch[ENC_EDF] + 1) < min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_BASE256])) {
					return ENC_EDF;
				}
				if (($numch[ENC_TXT] + 1) < min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_X12], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256])) {
					return ENC_TXT;
				}
				if (($numch[ENC_X12] + 1) < min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_C40], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256])) {
					return ENC_X12;
				}
				if (($numch[ENC_C40] + 1) < min($numch[ENC_ASCII], $numch[ENC_TXT], $numch[ENC_EDF], $numch[ENC_BASE256])) {
					if ($numch[ENC_C40] < $numch[ENC_X12]) {
						return ENC_C40;
					}
					if ($numch[ENC_C40] == $numch[ENC_X12]) {
						$k = ($pos + $charscount + 1);
						while ($k < $data_length) {
							$tmpchr = ord($data[$k]);
							if ($this->isCharMode($tmpchr, ENC_X12)) {
								return ENC_X12;
							} elseif (!($this->isCharMode($tmpchr, ENC_X12) OR $this->isCharMode($tmpchr, ENC_C40))) {
								break;
							}
							++$k;
						}
						return ENC_C40;
					}
				}
			}
		} // end of while
	}

	/**
	 * Get the switching codeword to a new encoding mode (latch codeword)
	 * @param int $mode New encoding mode.
	 * @return int Switch codeword.
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function getSwitchEncodingCodeword($mode) {
		switch ($mode) {
			case ENC_ASCII: { // ASCII character 0 to 127
				$cw = 254;
				if ($this->last_enc == ENC_EDF) {
					$cw = 124;
				}
				break;
			}
			case ENC_C40: { // Upper-case alphanumeric
				$cw = 230;
				break;
			}
			case ENC_TXT: { // Lower-case alphanumeric
				$cw = 239;
				break;
			}
			case ENC_X12: { // ANSI X12
				$cw = 238;
				break;
			}
			case ENC_EDF: { // ASCII character 32 to 94
				$cw = 240;
				break;
			}
			case ENC_BASE256: { // Function character (FNC1, Structured Append, Reader Program, or Code Page)
				$cw = 231;
				break;
			}
		}
		return $cw;
	}

	/**
	 * Choose the minimum matrix size and return the max number of data codewords.
	 * @param int $numcw Number of current codewords.
	 * @return int number of data codewords in matrix
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function getMaxDataCodewords($numcw) {
		foreach ($this->symbattr as $key => $matrix) {
			if ($matrix[11] >= $numcw) {
				return $matrix[11];
			}
		}
		return 0;
	}

	/**
	 * Get high level encoding using the minimum symbol data characters for ECC 200
	 * @param string $data data to encode
	 * @return array of codewords
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function getHighLevelEncoding($data) {
		// STEP A. Start in ASCII encodation.
		$enc = ENC_ASCII; // current encoding mode
		$pos = 0; // current position
		$cw = array(); // array of codewords to be returned
		$cw_num = 0; // number of data codewords
		$data_length = strlen($data); // number of chars
		while ($pos < $data_length) {
			// set last used encoding
			$this->last_enc = $enc;
			switch ($enc) {
				case ENC_ASCII: { // STEP B. While in ASCII encodation
					if (($data_length > 1) AND ($pos < ($data_length - 1)) AND ($this->isCharMode(ord($data[$pos]), ENC_ASCII_NUM) AND $this->isCharMode(ord($data[$pos + 1]), ENC_ASCII_NUM))) {
						// 1. If the next data sequence is at least 2 consecutive digits, encode the next two digits as a double digit in ASCII mode.
						$cw[] = (intval(substr($data, $pos, 2)) + 130);
						++$cw_num;
						$pos += 2;
					} else {
						// 2. If the look-ahead test (starting at step J) indicates another mode, switch to that mode.
						$newenc = $this->lookAheadTest($data, $pos, $enc);
						if ($newenc != $enc) {
							// switch to new encoding
							$enc = $newenc;
							$cw[] = $this->getSwitchEncodingCodeword($enc);
							++$cw_num;
						} else {
							// get new byte
							$chr = ord($data[$pos]);
							++$pos;
							if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_ASCII_EXT)) {
								// 3. If the next data character is extended ASCII (greater than 127) encode it in ASCII mode first using the Upper Shift (value 235) character.
								$cw[] = 235;
								$cw[] = ($chr - 127);
								$cw_num += 2;
							} else {
								// 4. Otherwise process the next data character in ASCII encodation.
								$cw[] = ($chr + 1);
								++$cw_num;
							}
						}
					}
					break;
				}
				case ENC_C40 :   // Upper-case alphanumeric
				case ENC_TXT :   // Lower-case alphanumeric
				case ENC_X12 : { // ANSI X12
					$temp_cw = array();
					$p = 0;
					$epos = $pos;
					// get charset ID
					$set_id = $this->chset_id[$enc];
					// get basic charset for current encoding
					$charset = $this->chset[$set_id];
					do {
						// 2. process the next character in C40 encodation.
						$chr = ord($data[$epos]);
						++$epos;
						// check for extended character
						if ($chr & 0x80) {
							if ($enc == ENC_X12) {
								return false;
							}
							$chr = ($chr & 0x7f);
							$temp_cw[] = 1; // shift 2
							$temp_cw[] = 30; // upper shift
							$p += 2;
						}
						if (isset($charset[$chr])) {
							$temp_cw[] = $charset[$chr];
							++$p;
						} else {
							if (isset($this->chset['SH1'][$chr])) {
								$temp_cw[] = 0; // shift 1
								$shiftset = $this->chset['SH1'];
							} elseif (isset($this->chset['SH2'][$chr])) {
								$temp_cw[] = 1; // shift 2
								$shiftset = $this->chset['SH2'];
							} elseif (($enc == ENC_C40) AND isset($this->chset['S3C'][$chr])) {
								$temp_cw[] = 2; // shift 3
								$shiftset = $this->chset['S3C'];
							} elseif (($enc == ENC_TXT) AND isset($this->chset['S3T'][$chr])) {
								$temp_cw[] = 2; // shift 3
								$shiftset = $this->chset['S3T'];
							} else {
								return false;
							}
							$temp_cw[] = $shiftset[$chr];
							$p += 2;
						}
						if ($p >= 3) {
							$c1 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							$c2 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							$c3 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							$p -= 3;
							$tmp = ((1600 * $c1) + (40 * $c2) + $c3 + 1);
							$cw[] = ($tmp >> 8);
							$cw[] = ($tmp % 256);
							$cw_num += 2;
							$pos = $epos;
							// 1. If the C40 encoding is at the point of starting a new double symbol character and if the look-ahead test (starting at step J) indicates another mode, switch to that mode.
							$newenc = $this->lookAheadTest($data, $pos, $enc);
							if ($newenc != $enc) {
								// switch to new encoding
								$enc = $newenc;
								if ($enc != ENC_ASCII) {
									// set unlatch character
									$cw[] = $this->getSwitchEncodingCodeword(ENC_ASCII);
									++$cw_num;
								}
								$cw[] = $this->getSwitchEncodingCodeword($enc);
								++$cw_num;
								$pos -= $p;
								$p = 0;
								break;
							}
						}
					} while (($p > 0) AND ($epos < $data_length));
					// process last data (if any)
					if ($p > 0) {
						// get remaining number of data symbols
						$cwr = ($this->getMaxDataCodewords($cw_num) - $cw_num);
						if (($cwr == 1) AND ($p == 1)) {
							// d. If one symbol character remains and one C40 value (data character) remains to be encoded
							$c1 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							--$p;
							$cw[] = ($chr + 1);
							++$cw_num;
							$pos = $epos;
							$enc = ENC_ASCII;
							$this->last_enc = $enc;
						} elseif (($cwr == 2) AND ($p == 1)) {
							// c. If two symbol characters remain and only one C40 value (data character) remains to be encoded
							$c1 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							--$p;
							$cw[] = 254;
							$cw[] = ($chr + 1);
							$cw_num += 2;
							$pos = $epos;
							$enc = ENC_ASCII;
							$this->last_enc = $enc;
						} elseif (($cwr == 2) AND ($p == 2)) {
							// b. If two symbol characters remain and two C40 values remain to be encoded
							$c1 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							$c2 = array_shift($temp_cw);
							$p -= 2;
							$tmp = ((1600 * $c1) + (40 * $c2) + 1);
							$cw[] = ($tmp >> 8);
							$cw[] = ($tmp % 256);
							$cw_num += 2;
							$pos = $epos;
							$enc = ENC_ASCII;
							$this->last_enc = $enc;
						} else {
							// switch to ASCII encoding
							if ($enc != ENC_ASCII) {
								$enc = ENC_ASCII;
								$this->last_enc = $enc;
								$cw[] = $this->getSwitchEncodingCodeword($enc);
								++$cw_num;
								$pos = ($epos - $p);
							}
						}
					}
					break;
				}
				case ENC_EDF: { // F. While in EDIFACT (EDF) encodation
					// initialize temporary array with 0 length
					$temp_cw = array();
					$epos = $pos;
					$field_length = 0;
					$newenc = $enc;
					do {
						// 2. process the next character in EDIFACT encodation.
						$chr = ord($data[$epos]);
						if ($this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_EDF)) {
							++$epos;
							$temp_cw[] = $chr;
							++$field_length;
						}
						if (($field_length == 4) OR ($epos == $data_length) OR !$this->isCharMode($chr, ENC_EDF)) {
							if (($epos == $data_length) AND ($field_length < 3)) {
								$enc = ENC_ASCII;
								$cw[] = $this->getSwitchEncodingCodeword($enc);
								++$cw_num;
								break;
							}
							if ($field_length < 4) {
								// set unlatch character
								$temp_cw[] = 0x1f;
								++$field_length;
								// fill empty characters
								for ($i = $field_length; $i < 4; ++$i) {
									$temp_cw[] = 0;
								}
								$enc = ENC_ASCII;
								$this->last_enc = $enc;
							}
							// encodes four data characters in three codewords
							$tcw = (($temp_cw[0] & 0x3F) << 2) + (($temp_cw[1] & 0x30) >> 4);
							if ($tcw > 0) {
								$cw[] = $tcw;
								$cw_num++;
							}
							$tcw= (($temp_cw[1] & 0x0F) << 4) + (($temp_cw[2] & 0x3C) >> 2);
							if ($tcw > 0) {
								$cw[] = $tcw;
								$cw_num++;
							}
							$tcw = (($temp_cw[2] & 0x03) << 6) + ($temp_cw[3] & 0x3F);
							if ($tcw > 0) {
								$cw[] = $tcw;
								$cw_num++;
							}
							$temp_cw = array();
							$pos = $epos;
							$field_length = 0;
							if ($enc == ENC_ASCII) {
								break; // exit from EDIFACT mode
							}
						}
					} while ($epos < $data_length);
					break;
				}
				case ENC_BASE256: { // G. While in Base 256 (B256) encodation
					// initialize temporary array with 0 length
					$temp_cw = array();
					$field_length = 0;
					while (($pos < $data_length) AND ($field_length <= 1555)) {
						$newenc = $this->lookAheadTest($data, $pos, $enc);
						if ($newenc != $enc) {
							// 1. If the look-ahead test (starting at step J) indicates another mode, switch to that mode.
							$enc = $newenc;
							break; // exit from B256 mode
						} else {
							// 2. Otherwise, process the next character in Base 256 encodation.
							$chr = ord($data[$pos]);
							++$pos;
							$temp_cw[] = $chr;
							++$field_length;
						}
					}
					// set field length
					if ($field_length <= 249) {
						$cw[] = $this->get255StateCodeword($field_length, ($cw_num + 1));
						++$cw_num;
					} else {
						$cw[] = $this->get255StateCodeword((floor($field_length / 250) + 249), ($cw_num + 1));
						$cw[] = $this->get255StateCodeword(($field_length % 250), ($cw_num + 2));
						$cw_num += 2;
					}
					if (!empty($temp_cw)) {
						// add B256 field
						foreach ($temp_cw as $p => $cht) {
							$cw[] = $this->get255StateCodeword($cht, ($cw_num + $p + 1));
						}
					}
					break;
				}
			} // end of switch enc
		} // end of while
		return $cw;
	}

	/**
	 * Places "chr+bit" with appropriate wrapping within array[].
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param array $marr Array of symbols.
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @param int $row Row number.
	 * @param int $col Column number.
	 * @param int $chr Char byte.
	 * @param int $bit Bit.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row, $col, $chr, $bit) {
		if ($row < 0) {
			$row += $nrow;
			$col += (4 - (($nrow + 4) % 8));
		}
		if ($col < 0) {
			$col += $ncol;
			$row += (4 - (($ncol + 4) % 8));
		}
		$marr[(($row * $ncol) + $col)] = ((10 * $chr) + $bit);
		return $marr;
	}

	/**
	 * Places the 8 bits of a utah-shaped symbol character.
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param array $marr Array of symbols.
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @param int $row Row number.
	 * @param int $col Column number.
	 * @param int $chr Char byte.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function placeUtah($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row, $col, $chr) {
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row-2, $col-2, $chr, 1);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row-2, $col-1, $chr, 2);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row-1, $col-2, $chr, 3);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row-1, $col-1, $chr, 4);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row-1, $col,   $chr, 5);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row,   $col-2, $chr, 6);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row,   $col-1, $chr, 7);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row,   $col,   $chr, 8);
		return $marr;
	}

	/**
	 * Places the 8 bits of the first special corner case.
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param array $marr Array of symbols.
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @param int $chr Char byte.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function placeCornerA($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr) {
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, 0,       $chr, 1);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, 1,       $chr, 2);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, 2,       $chr, 3);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-2, $chr, 4);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-1, $chr, 5);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 1,       $ncol-1, $chr, 6);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 2,       $ncol-1, $chr, 7);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 3,       $ncol-1, $chr, 8);
		return $marr;
	}

	/**
	 * Places the 8 bits of the second special corner case.
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param array $marr Array of symbols.
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @param int $chr Char byte.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function placeCornerB($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr) {
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-3, 0,       $chr, 1);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-2, 0,       $chr, 2);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, 0,       $chr, 3);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-4, $chr, 4);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-3, $chr, 5);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-2, $chr, 6);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-1, $chr, 7);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 1,       $ncol-1, $chr, 8);
		return $marr;
	}

	/**
	 * Places the 8 bits of the third special corner case.
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param array $marr Array of symbols.
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @param int $chr Char byte.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function placeCornerC($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr) {
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-3, 0,       $chr, 1);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-2, 0,       $chr, 2);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, 0,       $chr, 3);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-2, $chr, 4);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-1, $chr, 5);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 1,       $ncol-1, $chr, 6);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 2,       $ncol-1, $chr, 7);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 3,       $ncol-1, $chr, 8);
		return $marr;
	}

	/**
	 * Places the 8 bits of the fourth special corner case.
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param array $marr Array of symbols.
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @param int $chr Char byte.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function placeCornerD($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr) {
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, 0,       $chr, 1);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $nrow-1, $ncol-1, $chr, 2);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-3, $chr, 3);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-2, $chr, 4);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 0,       $ncol-1, $chr, 5);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 1,       $ncol-3, $chr, 6);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 1,       $ncol-2, $chr, 7);
		$marr = $this->placeModule($marr, $nrow, $ncol, 1,       $ncol-1, $chr, 8);
		return $marr;
	}

	/**
	 * Build a placement map.
	 * (Annex F - ECC 200 symbol character placement)
	 * @param int $nrow Number of rows.
	 * @param int $ncol Number of columns.
	 * @return array
	 * @protected
	 */
	protected function getPlacementMap($nrow, $ncol) {
		// initialize array with zeros
		$marr = array_fill(0, ($nrow * $ncol), 0);
		// set starting values
		$chr = 1;
		$row = 4;
		$col = 0;
		do {
			// repeatedly first check for one of the special corner cases, then
			if (($row == $nrow) AND ($col == 0)) {
				$marr = $this->placeCornerA($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr);
				++$chr;
			}
			if (($row == ($nrow - 2)) AND ($col == 0) AND ($ncol % 4)) {
				$marr = $this->placeCornerB($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr);
				++$chr;
			}
			if (($row == ($nrow - 2)) AND ($col == 0) AND (($ncol % 8) == 4)) {
				$marr = $this->placeCornerC($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr);
				++$chr;
			}
			if (($row == ($nrow + 4)) AND ($col == 2) AND (!($ncol % 8))) {
				$marr = $this->placeCornerD($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $chr);
				++$chr;
			}
			// sweep upward diagonally, inserting successive characters,
			do {
				if (($row < $nrow) AND ($col >= 0) AND (!$marr[(($row * $ncol) + $col)])) {
					$marr = $this->placeUtah($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row, $col, $chr);
					++$chr;
				}
				$row -= 2;
				$col += 2;
			} while (($row >= 0) AND ($col < $ncol));
			++$row;
			$col += 3;
			// & then sweep downward diagonally, inserting successive characters,...
			do {
				if (($row >= 0) AND ($col < $ncol) AND (!$marr[(($row * $ncol) + $col)])) {
					$marr = $this->placeUtah($marr, $nrow, $ncol, $row, $col, $chr);
					++$chr;
				}
				$row += 2;
				$col -= 2;
			} while (($row < $nrow) AND ($col >= 0));
			$row += 3;
			++$col;
			// ... until the entire array is scanned
		} while (($row < $nrow) OR ($col < $ncol));
		// lastly, if the lower righthand corner is untouched, fill in fixed pattern
		if (!$marr[(($nrow * $ncol) - 1)]) {
			$marr[(($nrow * $ncol) - 1)] = 1;
			$marr[(($nrow * $ncol) - $ncol - 2)] = 1;
		}
		return $marr;
	}

} // end DataMatrix class
//============================================================+
// END OF FILE
//============================================================+
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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