Current File : //proc/thread-self/root/usr/share/ghostscript/10.02.1/Resource/Init/pdf_main.ps
% Copyright (C) 2001-2023 Artifex Software, Inc.
% All Rights Reserved.
%
% This software is provided AS-IS with no warranty, either express or
% implied.
%
% This software is distributed under license and may not be copied,
% modified or distributed except as expressly authorized under the terms
% of the license contained in the file LICENSE in this distribution.
%
% Refer to licensing information at http://www.artifex.com or contact
% Artifex Software, Inc.,  39 Mesa Street, Suite 108A, San Francisco,
% CA 94129, USA, for further information.
%

% pdf_main.ps
% PDF file- and page-level operations.

/.setlanguagelevel where { pop 2 .setlanguagelevel } if
.currentglobal //true .setglobal

% ======================== Main program ======================== %

userdict begin

% Redefine 'run' so it recognizes PDF files.
systemdict begin

systemdict /OLDPDF known {
  systemdict /OLDPDF get {
    (   **** WARNING ****\n) print
    (The old, written in PostScript, PDF interpreter has been removed entirely.\n) print
    (You should cease using -dOLDPF as it has no effect now.\n) print
    (Continuing to process PDF file using the new, written in C, PDF interpreter.\n\n) print
  } if
} if

systemdict /NEWPDF known {
  systemdict /NEWPDF get not {
    (The old, written in PostScript, PDF interpreter has been removed entirely.\n) print
    (You should cease using -dNEWDPF as it has no effect now.\n) print
    (Continuing to process PDF file using the new, written in C, PDF interpreter.\n) print
  } if
} if


% PostScript interface to the ghostpdf C-based interpreter
%
% Promised or documented as used by customers
% ===========================================
% runpdf            <file> runpdf -
%     Called from the modified run operator (which copies stdin to a temp
%     file if required). Calls runpdfbegin, check for PDF collections. Then
%     calls process_trailer_attrs, runpdfpagerange, dopdfpages and runpdfend
%     to process all the required pages.
%
% runpdfbegin        <file> runpdfbegin -
%     creates /pdfdict in userdict set userparmas (ProcessDSCComment
%     setobjectformat to 0 /Page# /Page to null DSCPageCount to 0
%     /PDFSave /null.
%     calls pdfopen and then 'begin's the returned dictionary.
%     Also disables page handler device.
%
% pdfgetpage        <int> pdfgetpage <pagedict> | <null>
%     int is a number from 1 to N indicating the desired page number from
%     the PDF file. Returns a dictionary, apparently the /Page dictionary. Probably
%     we only need the Boxes and Rotate key ? If this fails, returns a null object.
%
% pdfshowpage_init    <int> pdfshowpage_init <dict>
%     This simply adds 1 to the /DSCPageCount value in the supplied dictioanry
%
% pdfshowpage_setpage    <pagedict> pdfshowpage_setpage <pagedict>
%     Takes a dictionary as returned from pdfgetpage, extracts various
%     parameters from it, and sets the media size for the page, taking into
%     account the boxes, and requested Box, Rotate value and PDFFitPage.
%
% pdfshowpage_finish    <pagedict> pdfshowpage_finish -
%     Takes a dictionary as returned from pdfgetpage, renders the page content
%     executes showpage to transfer the rendered content to the device.
%
% runpdfend        -
%     Uses currentdict as an argument to pdfclose, which closes /PDFfile. Also
%     executes restore and various cleanup activities.
%
% pdfavailable     - pdfavailable <bool>
%     Determines if there is a PDF interpreter available
%
% Also Used by gsview 5
% =====================
% pdfopen            <file> pdfopen <dict>
%     According to the comments; open a PDF file and read the header, trailer
%     and cross-reference. Calls pdfopenfile and 'begin's the returned dictionary
%     calls pdfopencache and then closes the current dictionary.
%     pdfopenfile appears to create a dictionary containing a load of stuff but
%     most importantly, sets /PDFfile to the passed-in file. Probably also contains
%     the Trailer dictionary.
%
% pdfclose        <dict> pdfclose -
%     The supplied dictionary contains /PDFfile and it executes closefile on that
%     supplied file.
%
% Supplied by Ray to customer
% ============================
% pdfshowpage        <pagedict> pdfshowpage
%     Takes a dictionary returned from pdfgetpage and calls the pdfshowpage_init
%     pdfshowpage_setpage, pdfshowpage_finish trio to start the page, set up the
%     media and render the page.
%
% dopdfpages        <int> <int> dopdfpages -
%     The integers are the first and last pages to be run from the file. Runs a loop from
%     the fist integer to the last. NOTE! If the current dictionary contains a PDFPageList
%     array then we 'get' the entry from the array corresponding to the current loop
%     index, and use that to determine whether we should draw the page. Otherwise we
%     simply draw the page. Uses pdfshowpage to actually render the page.
%
% Additionallly useful ?
% =======================
% runpdfpagerange        - runpdfpagerange <int> <int>
%     Processes the PostScript /FirstPage, /LastPage and /PageList parameters to build an array
%     of page numbers to run (if PageList is present) and a FirstPage and LastPage value.
%     There seems no point in rewriting this, may as well use it to control page processing.
%
% Normal operation
% =================
% runpdf    -    runpdfbegin     -    pdfopen
%     -    process_trailer_attrs
%     -    runpdfpagerange
%     -    dopdfpages     -    pdfgetpage
%                 -    pdfshowpage    -    pdfshowpage_init
%                             -    pdfshowpage_setpage
%                             -    pdfshowpage_finish
%     -    runpdfend    -    pdfclose
%

/DisablePageHandlerDevice
{
  systemdict /FirstPage known
  systemdict /LastPage known or
  systemdict /PageList known or
  {
      <</DisablePageHandler //true>> setpagedevice
  } if
} bind def

/EnablePageHandlerDevice
{
  systemdict /FirstPage known
  systemdict /LastPage known or
  systemdict /PageList known or
  {
      <</DisablePageHandler //false>> setpagedevice
  } if
} bind def

/newpdf_pdfformaterror {    % <string> pdfformaterror -
  (%stdout) (w) file
  dup 3 -1 roll writestring flushfile
} bind executeonly def

% This routine sets up the transparency compositor requirement, and
% number of spot channels required (if any) in the device. This needs
% to be done before we set the media size, so that the erasepage is
% correct. Called with the dictionary returned from .PDFPageInfo
/newpdf_device_setup
{
  2 dict exch                           % <<page dict>> << >>
  dup /UsesTransparency get             % << >> <<page dict>> bool
  /PageUsesTransparency exch            % << >> <<page dict>> /PageUsesTransparency bool
  3 index 3 1 roll                      % << >> <<page dict>> <<info dict>> << >> /PageUsesTransparency bool
  put                                   % <</PageUsesTransparency bool>> <<page dict>>
  currentpagedevice /PageSpotColors known {
    /NumSpots get                       % <</PageUsesTransparency bool>> int
    /PageSpotColors exch                % <</PageUsesTransparency bool>> /PageSpotColors int
    2 index 3 1 roll                    % <</PageUsesTransparency bool>> <<page dict>> /PageSpotColors int
    put                                 % <</PageUsesTransparency bool /PageSpotColors int >>
  }{
    pop
  } ifelse
  setpagedevice
}bind def

% Takes the selected Box as a parameter and scales it to fit the current media.
% If the amount of scaling would be reduced by rotating the content, then
% rotate the content.
% Caters for the box non-zero lower left x and y (ie cropping)
/NewPDF_FitPage
{
    dup 2 get 1 index 0 get sub                 %urx -llx = width
    1 index 3 get 2 index 1 get sub             %ury - lly = height

    currentpagedevice /PageSize get aload pop   % Stack - box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight

    % Start by deciding if we should rotate the page to better fit the media.
    4 copy eq
    3 1 roll eq
    or                   % square media or square page, no point in rotating
    {
      pop pop pop pop
      //false
    }
    {
      gt
      {                                           % landscape media
        ge
        {                                         % landscape media, landscape box, no rotation
          //false
        }
        {                                         % landscape media, portrait box, rotate it to landscape
          //true
        } ifelse
      }
      {                                           % portrait media
        ge
        {                                         % portrait media, landscape box, rotate it to portrait
          //true
        }
        {                                         % portrait media, portrait box, no rotation
          //false
        } ifelse
      }ifelse
    } ifelse

    % Store values for calculating scale, we do this here because we want to
    % swap the media width and height (for the scale calculation) if we are
    % rotating the page
    1 index 2 get 2 index 0 get sub             % urx -llx = width
    2 index 3 get 3 index 1 get sub             % ury - lly = height
    currentpagedevice /PageSize get aload pop   % Stack - box rotate boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight
    5 -1 roll                                   % Stack - box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight rotate

    % If we need to rotate, recalculate the box
    {
      90 rotate
      0 2 index neg translate                   % move 0,0 to bottom right of media to account for rotation
      exch                                      % swap media width/height for scaling calculation
    }if

    % Now use the box and media values to calculate the required x/y scale factors
    4 copy                              % Stack - box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight
    3 -1 roll div                       % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight boxwidth mediawidth (mediaheight / boxheight)
    3 1 roll                            % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight (mediaheight / boxheight) boxwidth mediawidth
    exch                                % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight (mediaheight / boxheight) mediawidth boxwidth
    div                                 % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight (mediaheight / boxheight) (mediawidth / boxwidth)

    % Stack - box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight Yscale Xscale

    % Centre the output on the media
    2 copy                              % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight Yscale Xscale Yscale Xscale
    gt {
      exch pop                          % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight Xscale
      dup 4 index mul                   % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight Xscale (boxheight * Xscale)
      3 -1 roll sub dup
      0 lt {-1 mul} if                  % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth Xscale ((boxheight * Xscale) - mediaheight)
      dup 0 ne {2 div} if               % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth Xscale (heightdiff / 2)
      0 exch translate                  % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth Xscale
    } {
      pop                               % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight Yscale
      dup 5 index mul                   % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth mediaheight Yscale (boxwidth * Yscale)
      4 -1 roll sub dup
      0 lt {-1 mul} if                  % box boxwidth boxheight mediaheight Yscale ((boxwidth * Yscale) - mediawidth)
      dup 0 ne {2 div} if               % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth Yscale (widthdiff / 2)
      0 translate                       % box boxwidth boxheight mediawidth Yscale
    } ifelse

    % Apply any 'offset' in the Box. Tht is, if the llx and lly are not 0, then we need to
    % shift the origin of the content so that they become 0,0. We need to take into
    % account the scaling from above.
    4 index aload pop pop pop
    neg 2 index mul exch neg 2 index mul exch
    translate

    dup scale                           % scale both axes the same
    pop pop pop                         % remove the leftover boxwidth, boxheight and mediawidth/height
} bind def

/newpdf_get_media_box { % <pagedict> get_media_box <box> <bool>
  dup /MediaBox known {
    /MediaBox get
    dup length 4 eq {
      //true
    }
    {
      pop
      (   **** Error: Page has an invalid /MediaBox attribute. Using the current page size.\n)
      newpdf_pdfformaterror
      (               Output may be incorrect.\n) pdfformaterror
      [ 0 0 currentpagedevice /PageSize get aload pop ]
      //false
    }ifelse
  }
  {
    pop
    (   **** Error: Page has no /MediaBox attribute. Using the current page size.\n)
    newpdf_pdfformaterror
    (               Output may be incorrect.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
    [ 0 0 currentpagedevice /PageSize get aload pop ] //false
  } ifelse
} bind executeonly def

% [llx lly urx ury] newpdf_check_empty_box [llx lly urx ury] true | false
% rturns true and the original array if its valid, otherwise returns false
/newpdf_check_empty_box
{
  dup type /arraytype eq
  {
    dup aload pop
    dup 3 index eq
    {
      //true
    }
    {
      1 index 4 index eq
    } ifelse
    {
      pop pop pop pop
     (   **** Warning:  File has an empty Box parameter.\n) print
     (                  Using the MediaBox instead.\n) print
     (                  Output may be incorrect.\n) print flush
     pop //false
    }
    {
      pop pop pop pop
      //true
    } ifelse
  }
  {
     (   **** Warning:  File has an invalid Box parameter.\n) print
     (                  Using the MediaBox instead.\n) print
     (                  Output may be incorrect.\n) print flush
    pop //false
  } ifelse
} bind executeonly def

/newpdf_get_any_box { % <pagedict> get_any_box <box name> <box>
  //systemdict /UseBleedBox .knownget dup { and } if {
    dup /BleedBox .knownget {
        newpdf_check_empty_box
        {
          /BleedBox exch
        } if
    } if
  } if
  dup type /arraytype ne {
    //systemdict /UseTrimBox .knownget dup { and } if {
      dup /TrimBox .knownget {
        newpdf_check_empty_box
        {
            /TrimBox exch
        } if
      } if
    } if
  } if
  dup type /arraytype ne {
    //systemdict /UseArtBox .knownget dup { and } if {
      dup /ArtBox .knownget {
        newpdf_check_empty_box
        {
            /ArtBox exch
        } if
      } if
    } if
  } if
  dup type /arraytype ne {
    //systemdict /UseCropBox .knownget dup { and } if {
      dup /CropBox .knownget {
        newpdf_check_empty_box
        {
          /CropBox exch
        } if
      } if
    } if
  } if
  dup type /arraytype ne {
    /MediaBox exch newpdf_get_media_box pop
  } {
    %% Complicated stuff. We need to use the 'Box' we identified (if any), but we
    %% need to clamp the boundaries of the 'Box' to the MediaBox. This appears to
    %% be what Acrobat does. The complication arises because the Box values don't
    %% have to be sensibly positive, its permissible to have the MediaBox set up
    %% so that it extends down and left instead of up and right. We take care of the
    %% content when we st up the CTM, but we do need to make sure that we clamp
    %% the BoundingBox, and that means we need to take direcitonality into account...

    aload pop
    6 -1 roll newpdf_get_media_box { % /SomeBox x0 y0 x1 y1 [MediaBox]
      aload pop               % /SomeBox x0 y0 x1 y1 X0 Y0 X1 Y1

      %% Start with the width, get the X0 and X1 values of the MediaBox
      3 index                 % /SomeBox x0 y0 x1 y1 X0 Y0 X1 Y1 X0
      2 index                 % /SomeBox x0 y0 x1 y1 X0 Y0 X1 Y1 X0 X1
      gt {
        %% Media extends to left
        4 -1 roll             % /SomeBox x0 y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1 X0
        8 -1 roll             % /SomeBox y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1 X0 x0
        .min                  % /SomeBox y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1 mX0
        7 1 roll              % /SomeBox mX0 y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1
        exch                  % /SomeBox mX0 y0 x1 y1 Y0 Y1 X1
        5 -1 roll             % /SomeBox mX0 y0 y1 Y0 Y1 X1 x1
        .max                  % /SomeBox mX0 y0 y1 Y0 Y1 mX1
        5 1 roll              % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y0 y1 Y0 Y1
      }{
        %% Media extends to right
        4 -1 roll             % /SomeBox x0 y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1 X0
        8 -1 roll             % /SomeBox y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1 X0 x0
        .max                  % /SomeBox y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1 mX0
        7 1 roll              % /SomeBox mX0 y0 x1 y1 Y0 X1 Y1
        exch                  % /SomeBox mX0 y0 x1 y1 Y0 Y1 X1
        5 -1 roll             % /SomeBox mX0 y0 y1 Y0 Y1 X1 x1
        .min                  % /SomeBox mX0 y0 y1 Y0 Y1 mX1
        5 1 roll              % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y0 y1 Y0 Y1
      } ifelse

      %% Now deal with the height
      2 copy                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y0 y1 Y0 Y1 Y0 Y1
      gt {
        %% Media extends down
        exch                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y0 y1 Y1 Y0
        4 -1 roll             % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y1 Y1 Y0 y0
        .min                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y1 Y1 mY0
        3 1 roll              % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 mY0 y1 Y1
        .max                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 mY0 mY1
      }{
        %% Media extends up
        exch                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y0 y1 Y1 Y0
        4 -1 roll             % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y1 Y1 Y0 y0
        .max                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 y1 Y1 mY0
        3 1 roll              % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 mY0 y1 Y1
        .min                  % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 mY0 mY1
      } ifelse
      exch                    % /SomeBox mX0 mX1 mY1 mY0
      3 1 roll                % /SomeBox mX0 mY0 mX1 mY1
    } {
      pop
    } ifelse
    4 array astore            % /SomeBox [mX0 mY0 mX1 mY1]
  } ifelse
} bind executeonly def

% This routine is used to set the PostScript /PageSize from the requested Box of the
% PDF file. Much of this is copied from the old pdfshowpage_setpage routine which
% is used for the PDF interpreter written in PostScript.
%
% Called with a dictionary containing the PDF page information.
%
/newpdf_set_pagesize
{
  % Stack: pdfpagedict

  % Don't understand this at all, removed for now replace if we ever figure out
  % what it's for.
  % Only lock in Orientation if we need to for pdfmarks
%  .writepdfmarks { /Orientation 0 def } if

  dup
  dup newpdf_get_any_box       % Stack: pdfpagedict pdfpagedict /BoxName [box]

  % Check that the box is 'normal' and make it so if not
  % Also check the array is 4 elements and if it isn't then use the
  % current PageSize. The normalise arithmetic assumes the array is a 4
  % element array.
  dup length 4 ne {
    % Invalid size of mediabox
    pop currentpagedevice /PageSize get
  } {
    aload 5 1 roll  % array x1 y1 x2 y2
    exch            % array x1 y1 y2 x2
    4 -1 roll       % array y1 y2 x2 x1
    2 copy gt {
      exch          % array y1 y2 xmin xmax
    } if
    4 -2 roll       % array xmin xmax y1 y2
    2 copy gt {
      exch          % array xmin xmax ymin ymax
    } if
    4 1 roll
    exch 4 -1 roll
    5 -1 roll
    astore
  } ifelse

  //systemdict /PDFFitPage known {
    NewPDF_FitPage
  } {
    6 dict begin        % for setpagedevice

    % Set the page size.
    2 index /UserUnit known
    {
      systemdict /NoUserUnit .knownget not {//false} if
      {
        2 index /UserUnit undef
        % No scaling required, calculate PageSize as the width and height of the box
        aload 5 1 roll      % box llx lly urx ury
        2 index sub         % box llx lly urx (ury - lly)
        exch 3 index sub    % box llx lly (ury - lly) (urx - llx)
        exch
      }
      {
        2 index /UserUnit get
        /PassUserUnit /GetDeviceParam .special_op {exch pop} {//false} ifelse {
          [ /UserUnit 3 -1 roll .pdfputparams pop pop
          % No media scaling required, calculate PageSize as the width and height of the box
          aload 5 1 roll      % box llx lly urx ury
          2 index sub         % box llx lly urx (ury - lly)
          exch 3 index sub    % box llx lly (ury - lly) (urx - llx)
          exch
        }{
          % The PageSize needs to be multiplied too
          exch aload 5 1 roll % UserUnit box llx lly urx ury
          2 index sub exch    % UserUnit box llx lly (ury - lly) urx
          3 index sub         % UserUnit box llx lly boxheight boxwidth
          5 index mul         % UserUnit box llx lly boxheight (Boxwidth*UserUnit)
          exch
          5 index mul         % UserUnit box llx lly (Boxwidth*UserUnit) (boxheight*UserUnit)
          4 -2 roll
          5 index mul exch    % UserUnit box (Boxwidth*UserUnit) (boxheight*UserUnit) (lly*UserUnit) llx
          5 index mul exch    % UserUnit box (Boxwidth*UserUnit) (boxheight*UserUnit) (llx*UserUnit) (lly*UserUnit)
          4 2 roll            % UserUnit box (llx*UserUnit) (lly*UserUnit) (Boxwidth*UserUnit) (boxheight*UserUnit)
          6 -1 roll pop       % box (llx*UserUnit) (lly*UserUnit) (Boxwidth*UserUnit) (boxheight*UserUnit)
        } ifelse
      } ifelse
    }
    {
      /PassUserUnit /GetDeviceParam .special_op {
        exch pop {
          [ /UserUnit 1 .pdfputparams pop pop
        } if
      }if
      % No scaling required, calculate PageSize as the width and height of the box
      aload 5 1 roll      % box llx lly urx ury
      2 index sub         % box llx lly urx (ury - lly)
      exch 3 index sub    % box llx lly (ury - lly) (urx - llx)
      exch
    } ifelse

    % handle page rotation here
    6 index /Rotate known {
      % PDF page rotation runs clockwise and must be a multiple of 90, unlike PostScript.....
      % convert Rotate into a quadrant number
      6 index /Rotate get 90 div cvi
      % Make sure quadrant is 0-3
      dup 0 lt {
        % Negative rotation... Turn it into a positive rotation
        % Again, limit the quadrant to -0 to -3
        dup -4 lt {4 mod} if
        % Adding 360 degrees results in the same positive rotation
        4 add
      } if
      dup 3 gt {4 mod} if
      dup 0 eq
      {
        pop
        2 array astore /PageSize exch def
        currentdict end setpagedevice
        neg exch neg exch
        translate
      }
      {
        dup 1 eq
        {
          pop
          exch 4 2 roll exch 4 2 roll
          2 array astore dup /PageSize exch def
          currentdict end setpagedevice
          270 rotate
          1 get add neg exch neg
          translate
        }
        {
          2 eq
          {
            2 array astore dup /PageSize exch def
            currentdict end setpagedevice
            180 rotate
            aload pop 3 -1 roll add neg 3 1 roll add neg exch
            translate
          }
          {
            exch 4 2 roll exch 4 2 roll
            2 array astore dup /PageSize exch def
            currentdict end setpagedevice
            90 rotate
            0 get 3 -1 roll add
            neg exch neg exch
            translate
          } ifelse
        } ifelse
      } ifelse
    }
    {
      2 array astore /PageSize exch def
      currentdict end setpagedevice
      neg exch neg exch
      translate
    }ifelse

    % scale the co-ordinate system by the UserUnit
    % We have to do this after setting the PageSize, because
    % setpagedevice does an implicit initgraphics, resetting the CTM.
    %
    //systemdict /NoUserUnit .knownget not { //false } if not
    {
      2 index /UserUnit known {
        /PassUserUnit /GetDeviceParam .special_op {
          exch pop not
        } {
          true
        }ifelse

        % If PassUserUnit isn't handled by the device, or it returns 'false'
        % then scale the content by the UserUnit. Otherwise do not scale.
        {
          2 index /UserUnit get
          dup scale
        } if
      } if
    } if
  } ifelse

  pop % The box

  % If we are using the MediaBox (and only the MediaBox) then we
  % want to clip to the CropBox, if there is one present

  /MediaBox eq {
    dup /CropBox known {
      /CropBox get
      aload pop 2 index sub exch 3 index sub exch rectclip
    } {
      pop
    } ifelse
  } {
    pop
  }ifelse

  pop
} bind executeonly def

% This routine checks a list of known/implemented command line switches to see if they
% have been defined in the PostScript environment. If they have we construct a dictionary
% containing the names and their values, and return it. That dictionary can then be
% passed to a custom PostScript operator and used to configure the PDF interpreter.
%
% NB device parameters will already have been sent to the device and used to configure it
% so here we should only handle parameters which control the behaviour of the interpreter.
%
/PDFSwitches [ /QUIET /PDFPassword /PDFDEBUG /PDFSTOPONERROR /PDFSTOPONWARNING /NOTRANSPARENCY /FirstPage /LastPage
               /PDFNOCIDFALLBACK /NO_PDFMARK_OUTLINES /NO_PDFMARK_DESTS /PDFFitPage /Printed /UsePDFX3Profile
               /UseBleedBox /UseCropBox /UseArtBox /UseTrimBox /ShowAcroForm /ShowAnnots /PreserveAnnots
               /NoUserUnit /RENDERTTNOTDEF /DOPDFMARKS /PDFINFO /ShowAnnotTypes /PreserveAnnotTypes
               /CIDFSubstPath /CIDFSubstFont /SUBSTFONT /IgnoreToUnicode /NONATIVEFONTMAP /PreserveMarkedContent /OutputFile
               /PreserveDocView /PreserveEmbeddedFiles ] def

/newpdf_gather_parameters
{
  10 dict begin

  //PDFSwitches {
    dup where
    { exch dup 3 1 roll get def }
    { pop } ifelse
  } forall

  % This isn't a command line parameter, we track it internally, but we need to
  % send it to the interpreter. It is used to 'offset' the page Dest for Link
  % annotations and Outlines by the numebr of pages processed so far.
  /PageCount /CumulativePageCount where { /CumulativePageCount get }{currentpagedevice /PageCount get} ifelse def

  currentdict end
} bind executeonly def

currentdict /PDFSwitches undef

/pdfpagecount
{
  currentdict /PDFInfo known
  {
    PDFInfo
  }
  {
    PDFFile //null eq not
    {
      PDFSTOPONERROR
      {
        PDFFile .PDFInfo //false
      }
      {
        PDFFile {.PDFInfo} stopped
      } ifelse
    }
    {
      //true
    }ifelse

    {
      <</NumPages 0>>
    } if
  } ifelse

  dup /NumPages known
  {
    /NumPages get
  }
  {
    pop 0
  } ifelse
}bind def

/runpdfpagerange
{
  /PageList where {
    pop
    PageList pdfpagecount .PDFparsePageList
    dup 0 eq {	% No ranges, error
      (\n   **** Error: Invalid PageList: ) print
      PageList  print
      (\n   No pages will be processed.) = flush
      /runpdfpagerange cvx /syntaxerror signalerror
    } if
    array astore	% move integer triples from the stack to the array
    % newpdf PDFPageList is an array of 3 elements per range: even/odd flag, start, end
    /PDFPageList exch def
    QUIET not {
      (Processing pages ) print PageList =only (.) = flush
    } if
    1 pdfpagecount	% dummy parameters for newpdf_dopages
  }{
    /FirstPage where {
      pop FirstPage dup pdfpagecount gt {
        (\nRequested FirstPage is greater than the number of pages in the file: ) print
         pdfpagecount = flush
      } if
    } {
       1
    } ifelse
    /LastPage where {pop LastPage pdfpagecount .min } { pdfpagecount } ifelse
    1 index 1 index gt {
      (   No pages will be processed \(FirstPage > LastPage\).) = flush
    } {
      QUIET not {
        (Processing pages ) print 1 index =only ( through ) print dup =only
        (.) = flush
      } if
    } ifelse
  } ifelse
} bind def


/runpdf_collection_entry
{
  <</PreserveDocView false>> runpdfbegin_with_params                       % <file> runpdfbegin -
  PDFInfo type /dicttype eq
  {
    PDFInfo /Collection known
    {
      PDFInfo /Collection get
      pdfclose
      dup length 1 sub 0 2 3 -1 roll
      {
        1 index exch get (r) file runpdf_collection_entry
      } for
      pop
    }
    {
      process_trailer_attrs             % - process_trailer_attrs -
      runpdfpagerange                   % - runpdfpagerange <int> <int>
      dopdfpages                        % <int> <int> dopdfpages -
      runpdfend                         % - runpdfend -
    } ifelse
  } {
    pop pop
  }ifelse
} bind def

% <file> runpdf -
/newpdf_runpdf
{
  runpdfbegin                       % <file> runpdfbegin -
  PDFInfo type /dicttype eq
  {
    PDFInfo /Collection known
    {
      PDFInfo /Collection get
      pdfclose
      dup length 1 sub 0 2 3 -1 roll
      {
        1 index exch get (r) file runpdf_collection_entry
      } for
      pop
      % We need to do this, even though we called pdfclose above, in order to clean
      % up our dictionary and restore the state. We can't use runpdfend above because
      % if we do then we will delete all the temporary files containing the embedded
      % PDF files.
      runpdfend
    }
    {
      process_trailer_attrs             % - process_trailer_attrs -
      runpdfpagerange                   % - runpdfpagerange <int> <int>
      dopdfpages                        % <int> <int> dopdfpages -
      runpdfend                         % - runpdfend -
    } ifelse
  } {
    pop pop
  }ifelse
} bind def

% start a PDF file, and specify interpreter parameters to be used
% to override any command line ones.
% Mostly for the benefit of PDF Collections where we want to disable
%preserving DocView information for pdfwrite.
%
% file <dict> runpdfbegin_with_params -
/runpdfbegin_with_params
{
  /pdfdict 10 dict def
  pdfdict begin

  currentpagedevice /PageCount get
  /CumulativePageCount exch def
  % This is for the benefit of pdf2dsc which assumes it will be present
  /Trailer << >> def
  /PDFSave save def
  % Define these in the current dictionary, if anyone uses
  % systemdict then this will be defeated so we'll add extra
  % code to the systemdict definitions as well.
%  /pdfpagecount /newpdf_pagecount load def
%  /pdfgetpage /newpdf_pdfgetpage load def
%  /pdfshowpage /newpdf_pdfshowpage load def
%  /pdfshowpage_init /newpdf_pdfshowpage_init load def
%  /pdfshowpage_setpage /newpdf_pdfshowpage_setpage load def
%  /pdfshowpage_finish /newpdf_pdfshowpage_finish load def
%  /pdfopen /newpdf_pdfopen load def
%  /pdfclose /newpdf_pdfclose load def
%  /dopdfpages /newpdf_dopdfpages load def
%  /runpdfend /newpdf_runpdfend load def
%  /runpdfpagerange /newpdf_runpdfpagerange load def
%  /process_trailer_attrs /newpdf_process_trailer_attrs load def

  % These are also for the benefit of pdf2dsc, which assumes they
  % are available.
  /knownoget {2 copy known {get //true}{pop pop //false}ifelse} bind def
  /pget {2 copy known {get //true}{pop pop //false}ifelse}bind def

  newpdf_gather_parameters          % <parameter overrides dict> <parameter dict>
  exch {2 index 3 1 roll put} forall
  PDFSTOPONERROR
  {
    .PDFInit
    /PDFFile exch def
    pdfopen
    /PDFInfo exch def
    pop
  }
  {
    {.PDFInit} stopped
    {
      (   **** Error: Failed to initialise PDF interpreter.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
      /PDFFile //null def
      /PDFInfo //null def
    }
    {
      /PDFFile exch def
      pdfopen
      /PDFInfo exch def
      pop
    }ifelse
  }ifelse
} bind def

% -file- runpdfbegin -
/runpdfbegin
{
  <<>> runpdfbegin_with_params
} bind def

/pdfgetpage
{
  dup 1 sub
  PDFSTOPONERROR
  {
    PDFFile exch .PDFPageInfo
    dup 3 -1 roll
    /Page# exch put
  }
  {
    PDFFile exch {.PDFPageInfo} stopped
    {
      pop pop
      (   **** Error: Couldn't get page info.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
      (               Output may be incorrect.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
      //null
    }{
      dup 3 -1 roll
      /Page# exch put
    } ifelse
  }ifelse
} bind def

/process_trailer_attrs
{
}bind def

/pdfshowpage_init
{
} bind def

/pdfshowpage_setpage
{
  dup newpdf_device_setup
  dup newpdf_set_pagesize
} bind def

/pdfshowpage_finish
{
  PDFSTOPONERROR
  {
    /Page# get PDFFile exch 1 sub .PDFDrawPage
    showpage
  }
  {
    /Page# get PDFFile exch 1 sub {.PDFDrawPage} stopped
    {
      pop pop
      (   **** Error: Page drawing error occurred.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
      (               Output may be incorrect.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
    } if
    {showpage} stopped
    {
      (   **** Error: Page drawing error occurred.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
      (               Could not draw this page at all, page will be missing in the output.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
    } if
  }ifelse
} bind def

/pdfshowpage
{
  /PDFINFO where {/PDFINFO get}{//false}ifelse
  {
    /Page# get PDFFile exch 1 sub {.PDFDrawPage} stopped pop
  }
  {
    pdfshowpage_init
    pdfshowpage_setpage
    pdfshowpage_finish
  }ifelse
} bind def

/runpdfend
{
  % Get the accumulated count of pages processed so far
  % and the number of pages in this file. Do this before
  % we close the file and restore the state. Save the values
  % on the stack.
  pdfpagecount
  CumulativePageCount

  pdfclose
  PDFSave restore

  end   % pdfdict

  % add the number of pages in this file to the accumulated count,
  % and store that in the device for later reuse. This allows us to
  % add the number of pages already in the output to the 'Dest' of
  % Outlines and Link annotations.
  add <</PageCount 3 -1 roll >> setpagedevice
} bind def

/pdfopen
{
  dup PDFFile //null ne
  {
    PDFSTOPONERROR
    {
      PDFFile .PDFStream
      PDFFile .PDFInfo
    }
    {
      PDFFile {.PDFStream} stopped
      {
        pop pop
        (   **** Error: Couldn't initialise file.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
        (               Output may be incorrect.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
        <</NumPages 0>>
      }
      {
        PDFFile {.PDFInfo} stopped
        {
          pop
          (   **** Error: Couldn't get page information.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
          (               Output may be incorrect.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
          <</NumPages 0>>
        } if
      } ifelse
    }ifelse
  }
  {
    pop
    <</NumPages 0>>
  } ifelse
} bind def

/pdfclose
{
  PDFSTOPONERROR
  {
    PDFFile .PDFClose
  }
  {
    PDFFile {.PDFClose} stopped
    {
      pop
    } if
  }ifelse
} bind def

/pdfavailable
{
  .PDFAvailable
} bind def

% <int> <int> dopdfpages -
% First Page and then LastPage
% If PDFPageList array exists, the parameters are 1 pdfpagecount and are ignored.
/dopdfpages
{
  //DisablePageHandlerDevice exec
  %% If we have a array of page ranges to render, use it.
  /PDFPageList where {
    pop
    pop pop		% don't use dummy parameters
    PDFPageList
    % process the ranges (3 elements per range)
    0 3 2 index length 1 sub {
      1 index 1 index get		% even = 2, odd = 1 any = 0
      2 index 2 index 1 add get		% start of range
      exch
      3 index 3 index 2 add get		% end of range
      exch
      % stack: start end even/odd
      0 eq { 1 } { 2 } ifelse
      2 index 2 index gt { neg } if	% negate increment for reverse range
      exch
      {
        pdfgetpage
        dup //null ne {
          pdfshowpage
        } {
          PDFSTOPONERROR {
            /dopdfpages cvx /syntaxerror signalerror
          } {
            pop pop
            (   **** Error: page) newpdf_pdfformaterror
            ( not found.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
          } ifelse
        } ifelse
      } for
      pop		% for loop index
    } for
    pop		% done with array
  } {
    % else, Process the pages given by the FirstPage, LastPage
    1 exch
    {
      pdfgetpage
      dup //null ne {
        pdfshowpage
      } {
        PDFSTOPONERROR {
          /dopdfpages cvx /syntaxerror signalerror
        } {
          pop pop
          (   **** Error: page) newpdf_pdfformaterror
          ( not found.\n) newpdf_pdfformaterror
        } ifelse
      } ifelse
    } for
  } ifelse
  //EnablePageHandlerDevice exec
} bind def

/.runps /run load def
/run {
  dup type /filetype ne { (r) file } if
  % skip leading whitespace characters (actually anything less than or equal to <sp>)
  { dup ( ) .peekstring not { //false exit } if
    dup 0 get 32 le { pop dup read pop pop } { //true exit } ifelse
  } loop
  exch pop
  {
    % Appletalk PAP sends short strings with %! header expecting a response.
    % 'gv' swallows the %!PS line, then sends DSC comments beginning with %%
    % and also waits for a response. The following avoids those hangs.
    dup 2 string .peekstring pop dup (%!) eq exch (%%) eq or {
      cvx .runps
    } {
      dup 1023 string .peekstring pop
      % "1024 string" exceeds current %stdin buffer
      % Valid PDF file cannot be smaller than 400 bytes.
      (%PDF-) search {
        3 1 roll pop pop
        dup (%!PS) search not {
          length 0 ne {
            1 index exch readstring pop pop
            (%stderr) (w) file dup
            (   **** Warning: File has some garbage before %PDF- .\n)
            writestring flushfile
            PDFSTOPONWARNING {
              /run cvx /unregistered signalerror
            } if
          } {
            pop
          } ifelse
          dup (%stdin) (r) file eq {
            % Copy PDF from stdin to temporary file then run it.
            //null (w+) /.tempfile .systemvar exec exch 3 1 roll
            % stack: tempname stdin tempfile
            64000 string
            {
              % stack: tempname stdin tempfile string
              2 index 1 index readstring
              exch 3 index exch writestring
              not { exit } if
            }
            loop
            pop exch closefile
            % stack: tempname tempfile
            dup 0 setfileposition
            dup
              pdfavailable {
                runpdf
              }{
                closefile
                (%stderr) (w) file (   **** ERROR: No PDF interpreter available, unable to process PDF files as input.\n)writestring
              } ifelse
            closefile deletefile
          } {
              pdfavailable {
                runpdf
              }{
                closefile
                (%stderr) (w) file (   **** ERROR: No PDF interpreter available, unable to process PDF files as input.\n)writestring
              } ifelse
          } ifelse
        } {
          pop pop pop pop cvx .runps % (%!PS) found first
        } ifelse
      } {
        pop cvx .runps % (%PDF-) not found
      } ifelse
    } ifelse
  } {
    closefile % file was empty
  } ifelse
} bind odef
currentdict /runpdfstring .undef

currentdict /DisablePageHandlerDevice undef
currentdict /EnablePageHandlerDevice undef

% Copy stream to an external temporary file and
% return the file name as PS name.
/copy_embedded_file {
  //true resolvestream      % strm
  dup 1023 string .peekstring pop % "1024 string" exceeds current %stdin buffer
  dup length 400 ge {             % Valid PDF file cannot be smaller than 400 bytes.
     (%PDF-) search {
       pop pop pop //true
     } {
       pop //false
     } ifelse
   } {
     pop //false
   } ifelse {
    //null (w) /.tempfile   % strm (name) null (w) /.tempfile
    .systemvar exec         % strm (name) file
    3 -1 roll               % (name) file strm
    32768 string            % (name) file strm (buf)
    { 3 copy readstring     % (name) file strm (buf) file (data) bool
      3 1 roll              % (name) file strm (buf) bool file (data)
      writestring           % (name) file strm (buf) bool
      not { exit } if
    } loop
    pop closefile           % (name) file
    closefile               % (name)
    cvn                     % /name
  } {
    closefile
  } ifelse
} bind executeonly def

% Recursively enumerate /Names entries
% <node> pdf_collection_names /temp_file_name ...
/pdf_collection_names {
  dup /Names knownoget {
    exch pop
    { oforce
      dup type /dicttype eq {
        /EF knownoget {
          /F knownoget {
            copy_embedded_file
          } if
        } if
      } {
        pop
      } ifelse
    } forall
  } {
    /Kids knownoget {
      { oforce
        dup //null ne {
          pdf_collection_names
        } {
          pop
        } ifelse
      } forall
    } if
  } ifelse
} bind executeonly def

/runpdf {        % <file> runpdf -
    dup type /filetype eq
    {
      dup
      PDFSTOPONERROR
      {
        newpdf_runpdf
      }
      {
        {newpdf_runpdf} stopped
        {
          (   **** Error: PDF interpreter encountered an error processing the file.\n) pdfformaterror
        } if
      }ifelse
      closefile
    }
    {
      (   **** Error: Attempt to process something other than a file object in runpdf.\n) pdfformaterror
    } ifelse
} bind executeonly odef

end            % systemdict

% Redefine the procedure that the C code uses for running piped input.
% It is OK to use { (%stdin) run } here, because a startjob cannot occur.
/.runstdin {
  { (%stdin) run } execute0
} bind executeonly def

end            % userdict

% ------ Transparency support ------ %

systemdict /ALLOWPSTRANSPARENCY get
{
  /.setopacityalpha
  {
    /.setfillconstantalpha where
    {
      pop
      (   **** WARNING: .setopacityalpha is deprecated (as of 9.53.0) and will be removed in a future release\n) print
      (   **** See .setfillconstantalpha/.setalphaisshape for the improved solution\n) print flush
      false .setalphaisshape
      dup .setfillconstantalpha
      .setstrokeconstantalpha
    }
    {
      /.setopacityalpha /undefined cvx signalerror
    } ifelse
  } bind def

  /.setshapealpha
  {
    /.setfillconstantalpha where
    {
      pop
      (   **** WARNING: .setshapealpha is deprecated (as of 9.53.0) and will be removed in a future release.\n) print
      (   **** See .setfillconstantalpha/.setalphaisshape for the improved solution\n) print flush
      true .setalphaisshape
      dup .setfillconstantalpha
      .setstrokeconstantalpha
    }
    {
      /.setshapealpha /undefined cvx signalerror
    } ifelse
  } bind def
} if

.setglobal

%% This list of operators are used internally by various parts of the Ghostscript PDF interpreter.
%% Since each operator is a potential security vulnerability, and any operator listed here
%% is not required once the initislisation is complete and functions are bound, we undefine
%% the ones that aren't needed at runtime.
[
/.setdistillerparams
] systemdict .undefinternalnames

% The following are split out allowing control via ALLOWPSTRANSPARENCY command line param
% The examples/transparency_example.ps uses some of these (on the first line).
[
  /.pushpdf14devicefilter /.poppdf14devicefilter /.setstrokeconstantalpha /.setfillconstantalpha /.endtransparencygroup
  /.currentblendmode /.currenttextknockout /.begintransparencytextgroup
  /.endtransparencytextgroup /.begintransparencymaskgroup /.begintransparencymaskimage /.begintransparencypagegroup
  /.endtransparencymask /.image3x /.abortpdf14devicefilter /.setstrokeconstantalpha /.setfillconstantalpha /.setalphaisshape /.currentalphaisshape
  % undefining these causes errors/incorrect output
  %/.setblendmode /.begintransparencygroup /.settextknockout /.setstrokeoverprint /.setfilloverprint
  %/.currentstrokeoverprint /.currentfilloverprint /.currentfillconstantalpha /.currentstrokeconstantalpha
  %/.setSMask /.currentSMask

] systemdict dup /ALLOWPSTRANSPARENCY get {pop pop}{.undefinternalnames}ifelse
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
Llámanos al 622575274 o contacta con nosotros

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