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Demonstrations of capable, the Linux eBPF/bcc version.
capable traces calls to the kernel cap_capable() function, which does security
capability checks, and prints details for each call. For example:
# ./capable.py
TIME UID PID COMM CAP NAME AUDIT
22:11:23 114 2676 snmpd 12 CAP_NET_ADMIN 1
22:11:23 0 6990 run 24 CAP_SYS_RESOURCE 1
22:11:23 0 7003 chmod 3 CAP_FOWNER 1
22:11:23 0 7003 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:23 0 7005 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:23 0 7005 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:23 0 7006 chown 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:23 0 7006 chown 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:23 0 6990 setuidgid 6 CAP_SETGID 1
22:11:23 0 6990 setuidgid 6 CAP_SETGID 1
22:11:23 0 6990 setuidgid 7 CAP_SETUID 1
22:11:24 0 7013 run 24 CAP_SYS_RESOURCE 1
22:11:24 0 7026 chmod 3 CAP_FOWNER 1
22:11:24 0 7026 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:24 0 7028 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:24 0 7028 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:24 0 7029 chown 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:24 0 7029 chown 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:24 0 7013 setuidgid 6 CAP_SETGID 1
22:11:24 0 7013 setuidgid 6 CAP_SETGID 1
22:11:24 0 7013 setuidgid 7 CAP_SETUID 1
22:11:25 0 7036 run 24 CAP_SYS_RESOURCE 1
22:11:25 0 7049 chmod 3 CAP_FOWNER 1
22:11:25 0 7049 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:25 0 7051 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
22:11:25 0 7051 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1
Checks where AUDIT is 0 are ignored by default, which can be changed
with -v but is more verbose.
We can show the TID and INSETID columns with -x.
Since only a recent kernel version >= 5.1 reports the INSETID bit to cap_capable(),
the fallback value "N/A" will be displayed on older kernels.
# ./capable.py -x
TIME UID PID TID COMM CAP NAME AUDIT INSETID
08:22:36 0 12869 12869 chown 0 CAP_CHOWN 1 0
08:22:36 0 12869 12869 chown 0 CAP_CHOWN 1 0
08:22:36 0 12869 12869 chown 0 CAP_CHOWN 1 0
08:23:02 0 13036 13036 setuidgid 6 CAP_SETGID 1 0
08:23:02 0 13036 13036 setuidgid 6 CAP_SETGID 1 0
08:23:02 0 13036 13036 setuidgid 7 CAP_SETUID 1 1
08:23:13 0 13085 13085 chmod 3 CAP_FOWNER 1 0
08:23:13 0 13085 13085 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1 0
08:23:13 0 13085 13085 chmod 3 CAP_FOWNER 1 0
08:23:13 0 13085 13085 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1 0
08:23:13 0 13085 13085 chmod 4 CAP_FSETID 1 0
08:24:27 0 13522 13522 ping 13 CAP_NET_RAW 1 0
[...]
This can be useful for general debugging, and also security enforcement:
determining a whitelist of capabilities an application needs.
The output above includes various capability checks: snmpd checking
CAP_NET_ADMIN, run checking CAP_SYS_RESOURCES, then some short-lived processes
checking CAP_FOWNER, CAP_FSETID, etc.
To see what each of these capabilities does, check the capabilities(7) man
page and the kernel source.
It is possible to include a kernel stack trace to the capable events by passing
-K to the command:
# ./capable.py -K
TIME UID PID COMM CAP NAME AUDIT
15:32:21 1000 10708 fetchmail 7 CAP_SETUID 1
cap_capable+0x1 [kernel]
ns_capable_common+0x7a [kernel]
__sys_setresuid+0xc8 [kernel]
do_syscall_64+0x56 [kernel]
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49 [kernel]
15:32:21 1000 30047 procmail 6 CAP_SETGID 1
cap_capable+0x1 [kernel]
ns_capable_common+0x7a [kernel]
may_setgroups+0x2f [kernel]
__x64_sys_setgroups+0x18 [kernel]
do_syscall_64+0x56 [kernel]
entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49 [kernel]
Similarly, it is possible to include user-space stack with -U (or they can be
used both at the same time to include user and kernel stack).
Some processes can do a lot of security capability checks, generating a lot of
ouput. In this case, the --unique option is useful to only print once the same
set of capability, pid (or cgroup if --cgroupmap is used) and kernel/user
stacks (if -K or -U are used).
# ./capable.py -K -U --unique
The --cgroupmap option filters based on a cgroup set. It is meant to be used
with an externally created map.
# ./capable.py --cgroupmap /sys/fs/bpf/test01
For more details, see docs/special_filtering.md
USAGE:
# ./capable.py -h
usage: capable.py [-h] [-v] [-p PID] [-K] [-U] [-x] [--cgroupmap CGROUPMAP]
[--mntnsmap MNTNSMAP] [--unique]
Trace security capability checks
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v, --verbose include non-audit checks
-p PID, --pid PID trace this PID only
-K, --kernel-stack output kernel stack trace
-U, --user-stack output user stack trace
-x, --extra show extra fields in TID and INSETID columns
--cgroupmap CGROUPMAP
trace cgroups in this BPF map only
--mntnsmap MNTNSMAP trace mount namespaces in this BPF map only
--unique don't repeat stacks for the same pid or cgroup
examples:
./capable # trace capability checks
./capable -v # verbose: include non-audit checks
./capable -p 181 # only trace PID 181
./capable -K # add kernel stacks to trace
./capable -U # add user-space stacks to trace
./capable -x # extra fields: show TID and INSETID columns
./capable --unique # don't repeat stacks for the same pid or cgroup
./capable --cgroupmap mappath # only trace cgroups in this BPF map
./capable --mntnsmap mappath # only trace mount namespaces in the map