Current File : //proc/self/root/usr/src/linux-headers-6.8.0-60-generic/Documentation/sound/cards/multisound.sh
#! /bin/sh
#
#  Turtle Beach MultiSound Driver Notes
#  -- Andrew Veliath <andrewtv@usa.net>
#
#  Last update:                      September 10, 1998
#  Corresponding msnd driver:        0.8.3
#
# ** This file is a README (top part) and shell archive (bottom part).
#    The corresponding archived utility sources can be unpacked by
#    running `sh MultiSound' (the utilities are only needed for the
#    Pinnacle and Fiji cards). **
#
#
#  -=-=- Getting Firmware -=-=-
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  See the section `Obtaining and Creating Firmware Files' in this
#  document for instructions on obtaining the necessary firmware
#  files.
#
#
#  Supported Features
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  Currently, full-duplex digital audio (/dev/dsp only, /dev/audio is
#  not currently available) and mixer functionality (/dev/mixer) are
#  supported (memory mapped digital audio is not yet supported).
#  Digital transfers and monitoring can be done as well if you have
#  the digital daughterboard (see the section on using the S/PDIF port
#  for more information).
#
#  Support for the Turtle Beach MultiSound Hurricane architecture is
#  composed of the following modules (these can also operate compiled
#  into the kernel):
#
#  snd-msnd-lib           - MultiSound base (requires snd)
#
#  snd-msnd-classic       - Base audio/mixer support for Classic, Monetery and
#                           Tahiti cards
#
#  snd-msnd-pinnacle      - Base audio/mixer support for Pinnacle and Fiji cards
#
#
#  Important Notes - Read Before Using
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  The firmware files are not included (may change in future).  You
#  must obtain these images from Turtle Beach (they are included in
#  the MultiSound Development Kits), and place them in /etc/sound for
#  example, and give the full paths in the Linux configuration.  If
#  you are compiling in support for the MultiSound driver rather than
#  using it as a module, these firmware files must be accessible
#  during kernel compilation.
#
#  Please note these files must be binary files, not assembler.  See
#  the section later in this document for instructions to obtain these
#  files.
#
#
#  Configuring Card Resources
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  ** This section is very important, as your card may not work at all
#     or your machine may crash if you do not do this correctly. **
#
#  * Classic/Monterey/Tahiti
#
#  These cards are configured through the driver snd-msnd-classic.  You must
#  know the io port, then the driver will select the irq and memory resources
#  on the card.  It is up to you to know if these are free locations or now,
#  a conflict can lock the machine up.
#
#  * Pinnacle/Fiji
#
#  The Pinnacle and Fiji cards have an extra config port, either
#  0x250, 0x260 or 0x270.  This port can be disabled to have the card
#  configured strictly through PnP, however you lose the ability to
#  access the IDE controller and joystick devices on this card when
#  using PnP.  The included pinnaclecfg program in this shell archive
#  can be used to configure the card in non-PnP mode, and in PnP mode
#  you can use isapnptools.  These are described briefly here.
#
#  pinnaclecfg is not required; you can use the snd-msnd-pinnacle module
#  to fully configure the card as well.  However, pinnaclecfg can be
#  used to change the resource values of a particular device after the
#  snd-msnd-pinnacle module has been loaded.  If you are compiling the
#  driver into the kernel, you must set these values during compile
#  time, however other peripheral resource values can be changed with
#  the pinnaclecfg program after the kernel is loaded.
#
#
#  *** PnP mode
#
#  Use pnpdump to obtain a sample configuration if you can; I was able
#  to obtain one with the command `pnpdump 1 0x203' -- this may vary
#  for you (running pnpdump by itself did not work for me).  Then,
#  edit this file and use isapnp to uncomment and set the card values.
#  Use these values when inserting the snd-msnd-pinnacle module.  Using
#  this method, you can set the resources for the DSP and the Kurzweil
#  synth (Pinnacle).  Since Linux does not directly support PnP
#  devices, you may have difficulty when using the card in PnP mode
#  when it the driver is compiled into the kernel.  Using non-PnP mode
#  is preferable in this case.
#
#  Here is an example mypinnacle.conf for isapnp that sets the card to
#  io base 0x210, irq 5 and mem 0xd8000, and also sets the Kurzweil
#  synth to 0x330 and irq 9 (may need editing for your system):
#
#  (READPORT 0x0203)
#  (CSN 2)
#  (IDENTIFY *)
#
#  # DSP
#  (CONFIGURE BVJ0440/-1 (LD 0
#          (INT 0 (IRQ 5 (MODE +E))) (IO 0 (BASE 0x0210)) (MEM 0 (BASE 0x0d8000))
#          (ACT Y)))
#
#  # Kurzweil Synth (Pinnacle Only)
#  (CONFIGURE BVJ0440/-1 (LD 1
#          (IO 0 (BASE 0x0330)) (INT 0 (IRQ 9 (MODE +E)))
#          (ACT Y)))
#
#  (WAITFORKEY)
#
#
#  *** Non-PnP mode
#
#  The second way is by running the card in non-PnP mode.  This
#  actually has some advantages in that you can access some other
#  devices on the card, such as the joystick and IDE controller.  To
#  configure the card, unpack this shell archive and build the
#  pinnaclecfg program.  Using this program, you can assign the
#  resource values to the card's devices, or disable the devices.  As
#  an alternative to using pinnaclecfg, you can specify many of the
#  configuration values when loading the snd-msnd-pinnacle module (or
#  during kernel configuration when compiling the driver into the
#  kernel).
#
#  If you specify cfg=0x250 for the snd-msnd-pinnacle module, it
#  automatically configure the card to the given io, irq and memory
#  values using that config port (the config port is jumper selectable
#  on the card to 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270).
#
#  See the `snd-msnd-pinnacle Additional Options' section below for more
#  information on these parameters (also, if you compile the driver
#  directly into the kernel, these extra parameters can be useful
#  here).
#
#
# ** It is very easy to cause problems in your machine if you choose a
#    resource value which is incorrect. **
#
#
#  Examples
#  ~~~~~~~~
#
#  * MultiSound Classic/Monterey/Tahiti:
#
#  modprobe snd
#  insmod snd-msnd-lib
#  insmod snd-msnd-classic io=0x290 irq=7 mem=0xd0000
#
#  * MultiSound Pinnacle in PnP mode:
#
#  modprobe snd
#  insmod snd-msnd-lib
#  isapnp mypinnacle.conf
#  insmod snd-msnd-pinnacle io=0x210 irq=5 mem=0xd8000 <-- match mypinnacle.conf values
#
#  * MultiSound Pinnacle in non-PnP mode (replace 0x250 with your configuration port,
#    one of 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270):
#
#  modprobe snd
#  insmod snd-msnd-lib
#  insmod snd-msnd-pinnacle cfg=0x250 io=0x290 irq=5 mem=0xd0000
#
# * To use the MPU-compatible Kurzweil synth on the Pinnacle in PnP
#   mode, add the following (assumes you did `isapnp mypinnacle.conf'):
#
#  insmod snd
#  insmod mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9                    <-- match mypinnacle.conf values
#
# * To use the MPU-compatible Kurzweil synth on the Pinnacle in non-PnP
#   mode, add the following.  Note how we first configure the peripheral's
#   resources, _then_ install a Linux driver for it:
#
#  insmod snd
#  pinnaclecfg 0x250 mpu 0x330 9
#  insmod mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9
#
#  -- OR you can use the following sequence without pinnaclecfg in non-PnP mode:
#
#  modprobe snd
#  insmod snd-msnd-lib
#  insmod snd-msnd-pinnacle cfg=0x250 io=0x290 irq=5 mem=0xd0000 mpu_io=0x330 mpu_irq=9
#  insmod snd
#  insmod mpu401 io=0x330 irq=9
#
# * To setup the joystick port on the Pinnacle in non-PnP mode (though
#   you have to find the actual Linux joystick driver elsewhere), you
#   can use pinnaclecfg:
#
#   pinnaclecfg 0x250 joystick 0x200
#
#  -- OR you can configure this using snd-msnd-pinnacle with the following:
#
#  modprobe snd
#  insmod snd-msnd-lib
#  insmod snd-msnd-pinnacle cfg=0x250 io=0x290 irq=5 mem=0xd0000 joystick_io=0x200
#
#
#  snd-msnd-classic, snd-msnd-pinnacle Required Options
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  If the following options are not given, the module will not load.
#  Examine the kernel message log for informative error messages.
#  WARNING--probing isn't supported so try to make sure you have the
#  correct shared memory area, otherwise you may experience problems.
#
#  io                   I/O base of DSP, e.g. io=0x210
#  irq                  IRQ number, e.g. irq=5
#  mem                  Shared memory area, e.g. mem=0xd8000
#
#
#  snd-msnd-classic, snd-msnd-pinnacle Additional Options
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  fifosize             The digital audio FIFOs, in kilobytes.  If not
#                       specified, the default will be used.  Increasing
#                       this value will reduce the chance of a FIFO
#                       underflow at the expense of increasing overall
#                       latency.  For example, fifosize=512 will
#                       allocate 512kB read and write FIFOs (1MB total).
#                       While this may reduce dropouts, a heavy machine
#                       load will undoubtedly starve the FIFO of data
#                       and you will eventually get dropouts.  One
#                       option is to alter the scheduling priority of
#                       the playback process, using `nice' or some form
#                       of POSIX soft real-time scheduling.
#
#  calibrate_signal     Setting this to one calibrates the ADCs to the
#                       signal, zero calibrates to the card (defaults
#                       to zero).
#
#
#  snd-msnd-pinnacle Additional Options
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  digital              Specify digital=1 to enable the S/PDIF input
#                       if you have the digital daughterboard
#                       adapter. This will enable access to the
#                       DIGITAL1 input for the soundcard in the mixer.
#                       Some mixer programs might have trouble setting
#                       the DIGITAL1 source as an input.  If you have
#                       trouble, you can try the setdigital.c program
#                       at the bottom of this document.
#
#  cfg                  Non-PnP configuration port for the Pinnacle
#                       and Fiji (typically 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270,
#                       depending on the jumper configuration).  If
#                       this option is omitted, then it is assumed
#                       that the card is in PnP mode, and that the
#                       specified DSP resource values are already
#                       configured with PnP (i.e. it won't attempt to
#                       do any sort of configuration).
#
#  When the Pinnacle is in non-PnP mode, you can use the following
#  options to configure particular devices.  If a full specification
#  for a device is not given, then the device is not configured.  Note
#  that you still must use a Linux driver for any of these devices
#  once their resources are setup (such as the Linux joystick driver,
#  or the MPU401 driver from OSS for the Kurzweil synth).
#
#  mpu_io               I/O port of MPU (on-board Kurzweil synth)
#  mpu_irq              IRQ of MPU (on-board Kurzweil synth)
#  ide_io0		First I/O port of IDE controller
#  ide_io1		Second I/O port of IDE controller
#  ide_irq		IRQ IDE controller
#  joystick_io          I/O port of joystick
#
#
#  Obtaining and Creating Firmware Files
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#       For the Classic/Tahiti/Monterey
#       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  Download to /tmp and unzip the following file from Turtle Beach:
#
#       ftp://ftp.voyetra.com/pub/tbs/msndcl/msndvkit.zip
#
#  When unzipped, unzip the file named MsndFiles.zip.  Then copy the
#  following firmware files to /etc/sound (note the file renaming):
#
#    cp DSPCODE/MSNDINIT.BIN /etc/sound/msndinit.bin
#    cp DSPCODE/MSNDPERM.REB /etc/sound/msndperm.bin
#
#  When configuring the Linux kernel, specify /etc/sound/msndinit.bin and
#  /etc/sound/msndperm.bin for the two firmware files (Linux kernel
#  versions older than 2.2 do not ask for firmware paths, and are
#  hardcoded to /etc/sound).
#
#  If you are compiling the driver into the kernel, these files must
#  be accessible during compilation, but will not be needed later.
#  The files must remain, however, if the driver is used as a module.
#
#
#       For the Pinnacle/Fiji
#       ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  Download to /tmp and unzip the following file from Turtle Beach (be
#  sure to use the entire URL; some have had trouble navigating to the
#  URL):
#
#       ftp://ftp.voyetra.com/pub/tbs/pinn/pnddk100.zip
#
#  Unpack this shell archive, and run make in the created directory
#  (you need a C compiler and flex to build the utilities).  This
#  should give you the executables conv, pinnaclecfg and setdigital.
#  conv is only used temporarily here to create the firmware files,
#  while pinnaclecfg is used to configure the Pinnacle or Fiji card in
#  non-PnP mode, and setdigital can be used to set the S/PDIF input on
#  the mixer (pinnaclecfg and setdigital should be copied to a
#  convenient place, possibly run during system initialization).
#
#  To generating the firmware files with the `conv' program, we create
#  the binary firmware files by doing the following conversion
#  (assuming the archive unpacked into a directory named PINNDDK):
#
#    ./conv < PINNDDK/dspcode/pndspini.asm > /etc/sound/pndspini.bin
#    ./conv < PINNDDK/dspcode/pndsperm.asm > /etc/sound/pndsperm.bin
#
#  The conv (and conv.l) program is not needed after conversion and can
#  be safely deleted.  Then, when configuring the Linux kernel, specify
#  /etc/sound/pndspini.bin and /etc/sound/pndsperm.bin for the two
#  firmware files (Linux kernel versions older than 2.2 do not ask for
#  firmware paths, and are hardcoded to /etc/sound).
#
#  If you are compiling the driver into the kernel, these files must
#  be accessible during compilation, but will not be needed later.
#  The files must remain, however, if the driver is used as a module.
#
#
#  Using Digital I/O with the S/PDIF Port
#  ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
#
#  If you have a Pinnacle or Fiji with the digital daughterboard and
#  want to set it as the input source, you can use this program if you
#  have trouble trying to do it with a mixer program (be sure to
#  insert the module with the digital=1 option, or say Y to the option
#  during compiled-in kernel operation).  Upon selection of the S/PDIF
#  port, you should be able monitor and record from it.
#
#  There is something to note about using the S/PDIF port.  Digital
#  timing is taken from the digital signal, so if a signal is not
#  connected to the port and it is selected as recording input, you
#  will find PCM playback to be distorted in playback rate.  Also,
#  attempting to record at a sampling rate other than the DAT rate may
#  be problematic (i.e. trying to record at 8000Hz when the DAT signal
#  is 44100Hz).  If you have a problem with this, set the recording
#  input to analog if you need to record at a rate other than that of
#  the DAT rate.
#
#
#  -- Shell archive attached below, just run `sh MultiSound' to extract.
#     Contains Pinnacle/Fiji utilities to convert firmware, configure
#     in non-PnP mode, and select the DIGITAL1 input for the mixer.
#
#
#!/bin/sh
# This is a shell archive (produced by GNU sharutils 4.2).
# To extract the files from this archive, save it to some FILE, remove
# everything before the `!/bin/sh' line above, then type `sh FILE'.
#
# Made on 1998-12-04 10:07 EST by <andrewtv@ztransform.velsoft.com>.
# Source directory was `/home/andrewtv/programming/pinnacle/pinnacle'.
#
# Existing files will *not* be overwritten unless `-c' is specified.
#
# This shar contains:
# length mode       name
# ------ ---------- ------------------------------------------
#   2064 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/setdigital.c
#  10224 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c
#    106 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/Makefile
#    146 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/conv.l
#   1491 -rw-rw-r-- MultiSound.d/msndreset.c
#
save_IFS="${IFS}"
IFS="${IFS}:"
gettext_dir=FAILED
locale_dir=FAILED
first_param="$1"
for dir in $PATH
do
  if test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/gettext \
     && ($dir/gettext --version >/dev/null 2>&1)
  then
    set `$dir/gettext --version 2>&1`
    if test "$3" = GNU
    then
      gettext_dir=$dir
    fi
  fi
  if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED && test -f $dir/shar \
     && ($dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir >/dev/null 2>&1)
  then
    locale_dir=`$dir/shar --print-text-domain-dir`
  fi
done
IFS="$save_IFS"
if test "$locale_dir" = FAILED || test "$gettext_dir" = FAILED
then
  echo=echo
else
  TEXTDOMAINDIR=$locale_dir
  export TEXTDOMAINDIR
  TEXTDOMAIN=sharutils
  export TEXTDOMAIN
  echo="$gettext_dir/gettext -s"
fi
touch -am 1231235999 $$.touch >/dev/null 2>&1
if test ! -f 1231235999 && test -f $$.touch; then
  shar_touch=touch
else
  shar_touch=:
  echo
  $echo 'WARNING: not restoring timestamps.  Consider getting and'
  $echo "installing GNU \`touch', distributed in GNU File Utilities..."
  echo
fi
rm -f 1231235999 $$.touch
#
if mkdir _sh01426; then
  $echo 'x -' 'creating lock directory'
else
  $echo 'failed to create lock directory'
  exit 1
fi
# ============= MultiSound.d/setdigital.c ==============
if test ! -d 'MultiSound.d'; then
  $echo 'x -' 'creating directory' 'MultiSound.d'
  mkdir 'MultiSound.d'
fi
if test -f 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
  $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' '(file already exists)'
else
  $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' '(text)'
  sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' &&
/*********************************************************************
X *
X * setdigital.c - sets the DIGITAL1 input for a mixer
X *
X * Copyright (C) 1998 Andrew Veliath
X *
X * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
X * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
X * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
X * (at your option) any later version.
X *
X * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
X * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
X * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
X * GNU General Public License for more details.
X *
X * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
X * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
X * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
X *
X ********************************************************************/
X
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/soundcard.h>
X
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	int fd;
X	unsigned long recmask, recsrc;
X
X	if (argc != 2) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "usage: setdigital <mixer device>\n");
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
X		perror(argv[1]);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECMASK, &recmask) < 0) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: ioctl read recording mask failed\n");
X		perror("ioctl");
X		close(fd);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	if (!(recmask & SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL1)) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: cannot find DIGITAL1 device in mixer\n");
X		close(fd);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_READ_RECSRC, &recsrc) < 0) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: ioctl read recording source failed\n");
X		perror("ioctl");
X		close(fd);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	recsrc |= SOUND_MASK_DIGITAL1;
X
X	if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_WRITE_RECSRC, &recsrc) < 0) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: ioctl write recording source failed\n");
X		perror("ioctl");
X		close(fd);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	close(fd);
X
X	return 0;
}
SHAR_EOF
  $shar_touch -am 1204092598 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' &&
  chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' ||
  $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c' 'failed'
  if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
  && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
    md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
    || $echo 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c:' 'MD5 check failed'
e87217fc3e71288102ba41fd81f71ec4  MultiSound.d/setdigital.c
SHAR_EOF
  else
    shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c'`"
    test 2064 -eq "$shar_count" ||
    $echo 'MultiSound.d/setdigital.c:' 'original size' '2064,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
  fi
fi
# ============= MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c ==============
if test -f 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
  $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' '(file already exists)'
else
  $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' '(text)'
  sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' &&
/*********************************************************************
X *
X * pinnaclecfg.c - Pinnacle/Fiji Device Configuration Program
X *
X * This is for NON-PnP mode only.  For PnP mode, use isapnptools.
X *
X * This is Linux-specific, and must be run with root permissions.
X *
X * Part of the Turtle Beach MultiSound Sound Card Driver for Linux
X *
X * Copyright (C) 1998 Andrew Veliath
X *
X * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
X * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
X * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
X * (at your option) any later version.
X *
X * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
X * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
X * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
X * GNU General Public License for more details.
X *
X * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
X * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
X * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
X *
X ********************************************************************/
X
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <asm/types.h>
#include <sys/io.h>
X
#define IREG_LOGDEVICE		0x07
#define IREG_ACTIVATE		0x30
#define LD_ACTIVATE		0x01
#define LD_DISACTIVATE		0x00
#define IREG_EECONTROL		0x3F
#define IREG_MEMBASEHI		0x40
#define IREG_MEMBASELO		0x41
#define IREG_MEMCONTROL		0x42
#define IREG_MEMRANGEHI		0x43
#define IREG_MEMRANGELO		0x44
#define MEMTYPE_8BIT		0x00
#define MEMTYPE_16BIT		0x02
#define MEMTYPE_RANGE		0x00
#define MEMTYPE_HIADDR		0x01
#define IREG_IO0_BASEHI		0x60
#define IREG_IO0_BASELO		0x61
#define IREG_IO1_BASEHI		0x62
#define IREG_IO1_BASELO		0x63
#define IREG_IRQ_NUMBER		0x70
#define IREG_IRQ_TYPE		0x71
#define IRQTYPE_HIGH		0x02
#define IRQTYPE_LOW		0x00
#define IRQTYPE_LEVEL		0x01
#define IRQTYPE_EDGE		0x00
X
#define HIBYTE(w)		((BYTE)(((WORD)(w) >> 8) & 0xFF))
#define LOBYTE(w)		((BYTE)(w))
#define MAKEWORD(low,hi)	((WORD)(((BYTE)(low))|(((WORD)((BYTE)(hi)))<<8)))
X
typedef __u8			BYTE;
typedef __u16			USHORT;
typedef __u16			WORD;
X
static int config_port = -1;
X
static int msnd_write_cfg(int cfg, int reg, int value)
{
X	outb(reg, cfg);
X	outb(value, cfg + 1);
X	if (value != inb(cfg + 1)) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: msnd_write_cfg: I/O error\n");
X		return -EIO;
X	}
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_read_cfg(int cfg, int reg)
{
X	outb(reg, cfg);
X	return inb(cfg + 1);
}
X
static int msnd_write_cfg_io0(int cfg, int num, WORD io)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASEHI, HIBYTE(io)))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASELO, LOBYTE(io)))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_read_cfg_io0(int cfg, int num, WORD *io)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X
X	*io = MAKEWORD(msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASELO),
X		       msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO0_BASEHI));
X
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_write_cfg_io1(int cfg, int num, WORD io)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASEHI, HIBYTE(io)))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASELO, LOBYTE(io)))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_read_cfg_io1(int cfg, int num, WORD *io)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X
X	*io = MAKEWORD(msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASELO),
X		       msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IO1_BASEHI));
X
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_write_cfg_irq(int cfg, int num, WORD irq)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IRQ_NUMBER, LOBYTE(irq)))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_IRQ_TYPE, IRQTYPE_EDGE))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_read_cfg_irq(int cfg, int num, WORD *irq)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X
X	*irq = msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_IRQ_NUMBER);
X
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_write_cfg_mem(int cfg, int num, int mem)
{
X	WORD wmem;
X
X	mem >>= 8;
X	mem &= 0xfff;
X	wmem = (WORD)mem;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASEHI, HIBYTE(wmem)))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASELO, LOBYTE(wmem)))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (wmem && msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMCONTROL, (MEMTYPE_HIADDR | MEMTYPE_16BIT)))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_read_cfg_mem(int cfg, int num, int *mem)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X
X	*mem = MAKEWORD(msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASELO),
X			msnd_read_cfg(cfg, IREG_MEMBASEHI));
X	*mem <<= 8;
X
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_activate_logical(int cfg, int num)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_ACTIVATE, LD_ACTIVATE))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_write_cfg_logical(int cfg, int num, WORD io0, WORD io1, WORD irq, int mem)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg_io0(cfg, num, io0))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg_io1(cfg, num, io1))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg_irq(cfg, num, irq))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_write_cfg_mem(cfg, num, mem))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_activate_logical(cfg, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static int msnd_read_cfg_logical(int cfg, int num, WORD *io0, WORD *io1, WORD *irq, int *mem)
{
X	if (msnd_write_cfg(cfg, IREG_LOGDEVICE, num))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_read_cfg_io0(cfg, num, io0))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_read_cfg_io1(cfg, num, io1))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_read_cfg_irq(cfg, num, irq))
X		return -EIO;
X	if (msnd_read_cfg_mem(cfg, num, mem))
X		return -EIO;
X	return 0;
}
X
static void usage(void)
{
X	fprintf(stderr,
X		"\n"
X		"pinnaclecfg 1.0\n"
X		"\n"
X		"usage: pinnaclecfg <config port> [device config]\n"
X		"\n"
X		"This is for use with the card in NON-PnP mode only.\n"
X		"\n"
X		"Available devices (not all available for Fiji):\n"
X		"\n"
X		"        Device                       Description\n"
X		"        -------------------------------------------------------------------\n"
X		"        reset                        Reset all devices (i.e. disable)\n"
X		"        show                         Display current device configurations\n"
X		"\n"
X		"        dsp <io> <irq> <mem>         Audio device\n"
X		"        mpu <io> <irq>               Internal Kurzweil synth\n"
X		"        ide <io0> <io1> <irq>        On-board IDE controller\n"
X		"        joystick <io>                Joystick port\n"
X		"\n");
X	exit(1);
}
X
static int cfg_reset(void)
{
X	int i;
X
X	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i)
X		msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, i, 0, 0, 0, 0);
X
X	return 0;
}
X
static int cfg_show(void)
{
X	int i;
X	int count = 0;
X
X	for (i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {
X		WORD io0, io1, irq;
X		int mem;
X		msnd_read_cfg_logical(config_port, i, &io0, &io1, &irq, &mem);
X		switch (i) {
X		case 0:
X			if (io0 || irq || mem) {
X				printf("dsp 0x%x %d 0x%x\n", io0, irq, mem);
X				++count;
X			}
X			break;
X		case 1:
X			if (io0 || irq) {
X				printf("mpu 0x%x %d\n", io0, irq);
X				++count;
X			}
X			break;
X		case 2:
X			if (io0 || io1 || irq) {
X				printf("ide 0x%x 0x%x %d\n", io0, io1, irq);
X				++count;
X			}
X			break;
X		case 3:
X			if (io0) {
X				printf("joystick 0x%x\n", io0);
X				++count;
X			}
X			break;
X		}
X	}
X
X	if (count == 0)
X		fprintf(stderr, "no devices configured\n");
X
X	return 0;
}
X
static int cfg_dsp(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	int io, irq, mem;
X
X	if (argc < 3 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io) != 1 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &irq) != 1 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[2], "0x%x", &mem) != 1)
X		usage();
X
X	if (!(io == 0x290 ||
X	      io == 0x260 ||
X	      io == 0x250 ||
X	      io == 0x240 ||
X	      io == 0x230 ||
X	      io == 0x220 ||
X	      io == 0x210 ||
X	      io == 0x3e0)) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: io must be one of "
X			"210, 220, 230, 240, 250, 260, 290, or 3E0\n");
X		usage();
X	}
X
X	if (!(irq == 5 ||
X	      irq == 7 ||
X	      irq == 9 ||
X	      irq == 10 ||
X	      irq == 11 ||
X	      irq == 12)) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: irq must be one of "
X			"5, 7, 9, 10, 11 or 12\n");
X		usage();
X	}
X
X	if (!(mem == 0xb0000 ||
X	      mem == 0xc8000 ||
X	      mem == 0xd0000 ||
X	      mem == 0xd8000 ||
X	      mem == 0xe0000 ||
X	      mem == 0xe8000)) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: mem must be one of "
X			"0xb0000, 0xc8000, 0xd0000, 0xd8000, 0xe0000 or 0xe8000\n");
X		usage();
X	}
X
X	return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 0, io, 0, irq, mem);
}
X
static int cfg_mpu(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	int io, irq;
X
X	if (argc < 2 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io) != 1 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &irq) != 1)
X		usage();
X
X	return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 1, io, 0, irq, 0);
}
X
static int cfg_ide(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	int io0, io1, irq;
X
X	if (argc < 3 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io0) != 1 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io1) != 1 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[1], "%d", &irq) != 1)
X		usage();
X
X	return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 2, io0, io1, irq, 0);
}
X
static int cfg_joystick(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	int io;
X
X	if (argc < 1 ||
X	    sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &io) != 1)
X		usage();
X
X	return msnd_write_cfg_logical(config_port, 3, io, 0, 0, 0);
}
X
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	char *device;
X	int rv = 0;
X
X	--argc; ++argv;
X
X	if (argc < 2)
X		usage();
X
X	sscanf(argv[0], "0x%x", &config_port);
X	if (config_port != 0x250 && config_port != 0x260 && config_port != 0x270) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: <config port> must be 0x250, 0x260 or 0x270\n");
X		exit(1);
X	}
X	if (ioperm(config_port, 2, 1)) {
X		perror("ioperm");
X		fprintf(stderr, "note: pinnaclecfg must be run as root\n");
X		exit(1);
X	}
X	device = argv[1];
X
X	argc -= 2; argv += 2;
X
X	if (strcmp(device, "reset") == 0)
X		rv = cfg_reset();
X	else if (strcmp(device, "show") == 0)
X		rv = cfg_show();
X	else if (strcmp(device, "dsp") == 0)
X		rv = cfg_dsp(argc, argv);
X	else if (strcmp(device, "mpu") == 0)
X		rv = cfg_mpu(argc, argv);
X	else if (strcmp(device, "ide") == 0)
X		rv = cfg_ide(argc, argv);
X	else if (strcmp(device, "joystick") == 0)
X		rv = cfg_joystick(argc, argv);
X	else {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: unknown device %s\n", device);
X		usage();
X	}
X
X	if (rv)
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: device configuration failed\n");
X
X	return 0;
}
SHAR_EOF
  $shar_touch -am 1204092598 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' &&
  chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' ||
  $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c' 'failed'
  if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
  && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
    md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
    || $echo 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c:' 'MD5 check failed'
366bdf27f0db767a3c7921d0a6db20fe  MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c
SHAR_EOF
  else
    shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c'`"
    test 10224 -eq "$shar_count" ||
    $echo 'MultiSound.d/pinnaclecfg.c:' 'original size' '10224,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
  fi
fi
# ============= MultiSound.d/Makefile ==============
if test -f 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
  $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' '(file already exists)'
else
  $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' '(text)'
  sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' &&
CC	= gcc
CFLAGS	= -O
PROGS	= setdigital msndreset pinnaclecfg conv
X
all: $(PROGS)
X
clean:
X	rm -f $(PROGS)
SHAR_EOF
  $shar_touch -am 1204092398 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' &&
  chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' ||
  $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/Makefile' 'failed'
  if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
  && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
    md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
    || $echo 'MultiSound.d/Makefile:' 'MD5 check failed'
76ca8bb44e3882edcf79c97df6c81845  MultiSound.d/Makefile
SHAR_EOF
  else
    shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/Makefile'`"
    test 106 -eq "$shar_count" ||
    $echo 'MultiSound.d/Makefile:' 'original size' '106,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
  fi
fi
# ============= MultiSound.d/conv.l ==============
if test -f 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
  $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' '(file already exists)'
else
  $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' '(text)'
  sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' &&
%%
[ \n\t,\r]
\;.*
DB
[0-9A-Fa-f]+H	{ int n; sscanf(yytext, "%xH", &n); printf("%c", n); }
%%
int yywrap() { return 1; }
void main() { yylex(); }
SHAR_EOF
  $shar_touch -am 0828231798 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' &&
  chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' ||
  $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/conv.l' 'failed'
  if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
  && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
    md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
    || $echo 'MultiSound.d/conv.l:' 'MD5 check failed'
d2411fc32cd71a00dcdc1f009e858dd2  MultiSound.d/conv.l
SHAR_EOF
  else
    shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/conv.l'`"
    test 146 -eq "$shar_count" ||
    $echo 'MultiSound.d/conv.l:' 'original size' '146,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
  fi
fi
# ============= MultiSound.d/msndreset.c ==============
if test -f 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' && test "$first_param" != -c; then
  $echo 'x -' SKIPPING 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' '(file already exists)'
else
  $echo 'x -' extracting 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' '(text)'
  sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' &&
/*********************************************************************
X *
X * msndreset.c - resets the MultiSound card
X *
X * Copyright (C) 1998 Andrew Veliath
X *
X * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
X * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
X * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
X * (at your option) any later version.
X *
X * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
X * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
X * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
X * GNU General Public License for more details.
X *
X * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
X * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
X * Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
X *
X ********************************************************************/
X
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/soundcard.h>
X
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
X	int fd;
X
X	if (argc != 2) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "usage: msndreset <mixer device>\n");
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	if ((fd = open(argv[1], O_RDWR)) < 0) {
X		perror(argv[1]);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	if (ioctl(fd, SOUND_MIXER_PRIVATE1, 0) < 0) {
X		fprintf(stderr, "error: msnd ioctl reset failed\n");
X		perror("ioctl");
X		close(fd);
X		exit(1);
X	}
X
X	close(fd);
X
X	return 0;
}
SHAR_EOF
  $shar_touch -am 1204100698 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' &&
  chmod 0664 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' ||
  $echo 'restore of' 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c' 'failed'
  if ( md5sum --help 2>&1 | grep 'sage: md5sum \[' ) >/dev/null 2>&1 \
  && ( md5sum --version 2>&1 | grep -v 'textutils 1.12' ) >/dev/null; then
    md5sum -c << SHAR_EOF >/dev/null 2>&1 \
    || $echo 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c:' 'MD5 check failed'
c52f876521084e8eb25e12e01dcccb8a  MultiSound.d/msndreset.c
SHAR_EOF
  else
    shar_count="`LC_ALL= LC_CTYPE= LANG= wc -c < 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c'`"
    test 1491 -eq "$shar_count" ||
    $echo 'MultiSound.d/msndreset.c:' 'original size' '1491,' 'current size' "$shar_count!"
  fi
fi
rm -fr _sh01426
exit 0
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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