Current File : //proc/self/root/usr/sbin/addgroup
#! /usr/bin/perl

# Copyright (C) 2000-2004 Roland Bauerschmidt <rb@debian.org>
#               2005-2023 Marc Haber <mh+debian-packages@zugschlus.de>
#               2022 Benjamin Drung <benjamin.drung@canonical.com>
#               2023 Guillem Jover <guillem@debian.org>
#               2021-2022 Jason Franklin <jason@oneway.dev>
#               2022 Matt Barry <matt@hazelmollusk.org>
#               2016-2017 Afif Elghraoui <afif@debian.org>
#               2016 Dr. Helge Kreutzmann <debian@helgefjell.de>
#               2005-2009 Joerg Hoh <joerg@joerghoh.de>
#               2006-2011 Stephen Gran <sgran@debian.org>
#
# Original adduser:
# Copyright (C) 1997-1999 Guy Maor <maor@debian.org>
#
# Copyright (C) 1995 Ted Hajek <tedhajek@boombox.micro.umn.edu>
#                    Ian A. Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>
#
# The general scheme of this program was adapted from the original
# Debian "adduser" program by Ian A. Murdock <imurdock@gnu.ai.mit.edu>.
#
# License: GPL-2+

use 5.32.0;
use strict;
use warnings;

use Getopt::Long;

use Debian::AdduserCommon 3.136;
use Debian::AdduserLogging 3.136;
use Debian::AdduserRetvalues 3.136;
BEGIN {
    if ( Debian::AdduserCommon->VERSION != version->declare('3.136') ||
         Debian::AdduserLogging->VERSION != version->declare('3.136') ||
         Debian::AdduserRetvalues->VERSION != version->declare('3.136') ) {
           die "wrong module version in adduser, check your packaging or path";
    }
}


my $version = "3.137ubuntu1";

BEGIN {
    local $ENV{PERL_DL_NONLAZY}=1;
    # we need to disable perlcritic here since this construct
    # needs experession form eval, see perl cookbook 12.2.3
    ## no critic
    eval "
        require POSIX;
        import POSIX qw(setlocale);
    ";
    ## use critic
    if ($@) {
        *setlocale = sub { return 1 };
    } else {
        setlocale( &POSIX::LC_MESSAGES, "" );
    }
    ## no critic
    eval "
        require I18N::Langinfo;
        import I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo YESEXPR NOEXPR);
    ";
    ## use critic
    if ($@) {
        *langinfo = sub { return shift; };
        *YESEXPR  = sub { "^[yY]" };
        *NOEXPR   = sub { "^[nN]" };
    }
}

my $yesexpr = langinfo(YESEXPR());

my %config;			# configuration hash

my $nogroup_id = getgrnam("nogroup") || 65534;
$0 =~ s+.*/++;

our $verbose = 1;		# should we be verbose?
my $name_check_level = 0;		# should we allow bad names?
our $stderrmsglevel = "warn";
our $stdoutmsglevel = "info";
our $logmsglevel = "info";
my $allow_badname = 0;		# should we allow bad names?
my $ask_passwd = 1;		# ask for a passwd?
my $disabled_login = 0;		# leave the new account disabled?

our @configfiles;
our @defaults = undef;
our $encrypt_home = undef;
our $found_group_opt = undef;
our $found_sys_opt = undef;
our $ingroup_name = undef;
our $new_firstgid = undef;
our $new_firstuid = undef;
our $new_comment = undef;
our $gid_option = undef;
our $primary_gid = undef;
our $new_lastgid = undef;
our $new_lastuid = undef;
our $new_uid = undef;
our $no_create_home = undef;
our $special_home = undef;
our $special_shell = undef;
our $use_extrausers = 0;
our $add_extra_groups;
our $add_extra_groups_old;

# Global variables we need later
my $existing_user = undef;
my $existing_group = undef;
my $new_name = undef;
my $make_group_also = 0;
my $home_dir = undef;
my $undohome = undef;
my $undouser = undef;
my $undogroup = undef;
my $shell = undef;
my $first_uid = undef;
my $last_uid = undef;
my $first_gid = undef;
my $last_gid = undef;
my $dir_mode = undef;
my $perm = undef;
my %uid_pool;
my %gid_pool;

our @names;

GetOptions(
    'add-extra-groups' => \$add_extra_groups,
    'add_extra_groups' => \$add_extra_groups_old,
    'allow-all-names' => sub { $name_check_level = 2 },
    'allow-badname' => sub { $name_check_level = 1 unless $name_check_level },
    'allow-bad-names' => sub { $name_check_level = 1 unless $name_check_level },
    'comment=s' => \$new_comment,
    'conf|c=s' => \@configfiles,
    'debug' => sub { $verbose = 2 },
    'stdoutmsglevel=s' => \$stdoutmsglevel,
    'stderrmsglevel=s' => \$stderrmsglevel,
    'logmsglevel=s' => \$logmsglevel,
    'disabled-login' => sub { $disabled_login = 1; $ask_passwd = 0 },
    'disabled-password' => sub { $ask_passwd = 0 },
    'encrypt-home' => \$encrypt_home,
    'extrausers' => \$use_extrausers,
    'firstgid=i' => \$new_firstgid,
    'firstuid=i' => \$new_firstuid,
    'force-badname' => sub { $name_check_level = 1 unless $name_check_level },
    'gecos=s' => \$new_comment,
    'gid=i' => \$gid_option,
    'group' => \$found_group_opt,
    'help|h' => sub { &usage; exit },
    'home=s' => \$special_home,
    'ingroup=s' => \$ingroup_name,
    'lastgid=i' => \$new_lastgid,
    'lastuid=i' => \$new_lastuid,
    'no-create-home' => \$no_create_home,
    'quiet|q' => sub { $verbose = 0 },
    'shell=s' => \$special_shell,
    'system' => \$found_sys_opt,
    'uid=i' => \$new_uid,
    'verbose' => sub { $verbose = 1 },
    'version|v' => sub { &version; exit },
) or &usage_error;

if(!@configfiles) {
    @defaults = ("/etc/adduser.conf");
} else {
    @defaults = (@configfiles);
}

# preseed configuration data and then read the config file
preseed_config(\@defaults,\%config);

# everyone can issue "--help" and "--version", but only root can go on
if( $> != 0) {
    log_fatal( mtx("Only root may add a user or group to the system.") );
    exit( RET_ROOT_NEEDED );
}

# TODO: Handle configuration file input, allow bare input there.
if( $verbose == 0 ) {
    set_msglevel( $stderrmsglevel, "warn", $logmsglevel );
} elsif( $verbose == 1 ) {
    set_msglevel( $stderrmsglevel, "info", $logmsglevel );
} elsif( $verbose == 2 ) {
    set_msglevel( $stderrmsglevel, "debug", $logmsglevel );
} else {
    set_msglevel( $stderrmsglevel, $stdoutmsglevel, $logmsglevel );
}

# detect the right mode
my $action = $0 eq "addgroup" ? "addgroup" : "adduser";
if (defined($found_sys_opt)) {
  $action = "addsysuser" if ($action eq "adduser");
  $action = "addsysgroup" if ($action eq "addgroup");
}

# explicitly set PATH, because super (1) cleans up the path and makes adduser unusable;
# this is also a good idea for sudo (which doesn't clean up)
$ENV{"PATH"}="/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin";
$ENV{"IFS"}=" \t\n";

############################
# checks related to @names #
############################


while (defined(my $arg = shift(@ARGV))) {
  push (@names, $arg);
}

if ( (! defined $names[0]) || length($names[0]) == 0 || @names > 2) {
    log_fatal( mtx("Only one or two names allowed.") );
    exit( RET_INVALID_CALL );
}


if (@names == 2) {	# must be addusertogroup
    if ($action eq "addsysuser" || $found_group_opt) {
        log_fatal( mtx("Specify only one name in this mode.") );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CALL );
    }
    if ($action eq "addgroup" or $action eq "addsysgroup") {
        log_fatal( mtx("addgroup with two arguments is an unspecified operation.") );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CALL );
    }
    $action = "addusertogroup";
    $existing_user = shift (@names);
    $existing_group = shift (@names);
}
else { # 1 parameter, must be adduser
    $new_name = shift (@names);
}

###################################
# check for consistent parameters #
###################################

if (!defined $add_extra_groups) {
    if( defined $add_extra_groups_old ) {
        $add_extra_groups = $add_extra_groups_old;
    } else {
        $add_extra_groups = 0;
    }
}

if ($action ne "addgroup" &&
    defined($found_group_opt) +defined($ingroup_name) +defined($gid_option) > 1 ) {
    log_fatal( mtx("The --group, --ingroup, and --gid options are mutually exclusive.") );
    exit( RET_EXCLUSIVE_PARAMETERS );
}


if ((defined($special_home)) && ($special_home !~ m+^/+ )) {
  log_fatal( mtx("The home dir must be an absolute path.") );
  exit( RET_INVALID_HOME_DIRECTORY );
}

if (defined($special_home)) {
    if (!defined($no_create_home) && -d $special_home) {
        log_info( mtx("The home dir %s you specified already exists.\n"), $special_home );
    }
    if (defined($no_create_home) && ! -d $special_home) {
        log_info( mtx("The home dir %s you specified can't be accessed: %s\n"), $special_home, $! );
    }
}


if ($found_group_opt) {
    if ($action eq "addsysuser") {
        $make_group_also = 1;
    }
    elsif ($found_sys_opt) {
        $action = "addsysgroup";
    }
    else {
        $action = "addgroup";
    }
}

my $ecryptfs_setup_private;
if (defined($encrypt_home)) {
    $ecryptfs_setup_private = &which('ecryptfs-setup-private');
}


# TODO: map this to log levels
$ENV{"VERBOSE"} = $verbose;
$ENV{"DEBUG"}   = $verbose;

# preseed_config was moved from here

# read the uid and gid pool
if ($config{"uid_pool"}) {
    read_pool ($config{"uid_pool"}, "uid", \%uid_pool);
}
if ($config{"gid_pool"}) {
    read_pool ($config{"gid_pool"}, "gid", \%gid_pool);
}

&checkname($new_name) if defined $new_name;
$SIG{'INT'} = $SIG{'QUIT'} = $SIG{'HUP'} = 'handler';

#####
# OK, we've processed the arguments.  $action equals one of the following,
# and the appropriate variables have been set:
#
# $action = "adduser"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new user.
#    $ingroup_name | $gid_option - the group to add the user to
#    $special_home, $new_uid, $new_comment - optional overrides
# $action = "addgroup"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new group
#    $gid_option                 - optional override
# $action = "addsysgroup"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new group
#    $gid_option                 - optional override
# $action = "addsysuser"
#    $new_name                - the name of the new user
#    $make_group_also | $ingroup_name | $gid_option | 0  - which group
#    $special_home, $new_uid, $new_comment - optional overrides
# $action = "addusertogroup"
#    $existing_user           - the user to be added
#    $existing_group          - the group to add her to
#####


#################
## addsysgroup ##
#################
if ($action eq "addsysgroup") {

    acquire_lock();
    # Check if requested group already exists and we can exit safely
    my $ret = existing_group_ok($new_name, $gid_option);

    if ($ret == 3) {
        log_info( mtx("The group `%s' already exists as a system group. Exiting."), $new_name );
        exit( RET_OK );
    }

    if ($ret == 1) {
        log_err( mtx("The group `%s' already exists and is not a system group. Exiting."), $new_name );
        exit( RET_WRONG_OBJECT_PROPERTIES );
    }

    if ($ret == 2) {
        log_err( mtx("The group `%s' already exists, but has a different GID. Exiting."), $new_name );
        exit( RET_WRONG_OBJECT_PROPERTIES );
    }

    if (defined($gid_option) && defined(getgrgid($gid_option))) {
        log_fatal( mtx("The GID `%s' is already in use."), $gid_option );
        exit( RET_ID_IN_USE );
    }

    if (!defined($gid_option)) {
        $first_gid = $new_firstgid || $config{"first_system_gid"};
        $last_gid = $new_lastgid || $config{"last_system_gid"};
        $gid_option = &first_avail_gid($first_gid,
                           $last_gid,
                           $gid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});
        if ($gid_option == -1) {
            log_warn( mtx("No GID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_SYS_GID - LAST_SYS_GID)."),
                $first_gid, $last_gid );
            log_err( mtx("The group `%s' was not created."), $new_name );
            exit( RET_NO_ID_IN_RANGE );
        }
    }


    log_info( mtx("Adding group `%s' (GID %d) ..."), $new_name, $gid_option);
    my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
    if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
        &systemcall($groupadd, '--extrausers', '-g', $gid_option, $new_name);
    } else {
        &systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $gid_option, $new_name);
    }
    release_lock(0);
    exit( RET_OK );
}


##############
## addgroup ##
##############
if ($action eq "addgroup") {
    acquire_lock();
    if (defined getgrnam($new_name)) {
        log_fatal( mtx("The group `%s' already exists."), $new_name);
        exit( RET_OBJECT_EXISTS );
    }
    if (defined($gid_option) && defined(getgrgid($gid_option))) {
        log_fatal( mtx("The GID `%s' is already in use."), $gid_option );
        exit( RET_ID_IN_USE );
    }
    if (!defined($gid_option)) {
        $first_gid = $new_firstgid || $config{"first_gid"};
        $last_gid = $new_lastgid || $config{"last_gid"};
        log_debug( "Searching for gid with first_gid=%s, last_gid=%s, new_name=%s, gid_pool=%s",
                $first_gid,
                $last_gid,
                $new_name,
                $gid_pool{$new_name}{'id'}
            );
        $gid_option = &first_avail_gid($first_gid,
                           $last_gid,
                           $gid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});

        if ($gid_option == -1) {
            log_warn( mtx("No GID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_GID - LAST_GID)."),
                $first_gid, $last_gid );
            log_fatal( mtx("The group `%s' was not created."), $new_name );
            exit( RET_NO_ID_IN_RANGE );
        }
    }

    log_info( mtx("Adding group `%s' (GID %d) ..."), $new_name, $gid_option);
    my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
    if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
        &systemcall($groupadd, '--extrausers', '-g', $gid_option, $new_name);
    } else {
        &systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $gid_option, $new_name);
    }
    release_lock(0);
    exit( RET_OK );
}


####################
## addusertogroup ##
####################
if ($action eq 'addusertogroup') {

    if (!defined getpwnam($existing_user)) {
        log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' does not exist."), $existing_user );
        exit( RET_OBJECT_DOES_NOT_EXIST );
    }
    if (!defined getgrnam($existing_group)) {
        log_fatal( mtx("The group `%s' does not exist."), $existing_group );
        exit( RET_OBJECT_DOES_NOT_EXIST );
    }

    if (&user_is_member($existing_user, $existing_group)) {
        log_info( mtx("The user `%s' is already a member of `%s'."), $existing_user, $existing_group );
        exit( RET_OK );
    }

    log_info( mtx("Adding user `%s' to group `%s' ..."), $existing_user, $existing_group );

    acquire_lock();
    if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
        &systemcall('/usr/sbin/usermod', '--extrausers', '-a', '-G', $existing_group, $existing_user);
    } else {
        &systemcall('/usr/sbin/usermod', '-a', '-G', $existing_group, $existing_user);
    }
    release_lock();

    exit( RET_OK );
}

################
## addsysuser ##
################
if ($action eq "addsysuser") {
    acquire_lock();
    if (existing_user_ok($new_name, $new_uid) == 1) {

        # a user with this name already exists; it's a problem when it's not a system user
        my $tmp_u = getpwnam($new_name);
        if (($tmp_u >= $config{"first_system_uid"}) and ($tmp_u <= $config{"last_system_uid"})) {
            log_info( mtx("The system user `%s' already exists. Exiting.\n"), $new_name );
            exit( RET_OK );
        }
        log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' already exists, but is not a system user. Exiting."), $new_name );
        exit( RET_WRONG_OBJECT_PROPERTIES );
    }
    if (existing_user_ok($new_name, $new_uid) == 2) {
        log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' already exists with a different UID. Exiting."), $new_name );
        exit( RET_WRONG_OBJECT_PROPERTIES );
    }

    if (!$ingroup_name && !defined($gid_option) && !$make_group_also) {
      $gid_option = $nogroup_id;
    }
    check_user_group(1);

    if (!defined($new_uid) && $make_group_also) {
        $new_uid = &first_avail_uid($new_firstuid || $config{"first_system_uid"},
                                    $new_lastuid || $config{"last_system_uid"},
                                    $uid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});
        if ($new_uid == -1) {
            log_warn( mtx("No UID/GID pair is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_SYS_UID - LAST_SYS_UID)."),
                $config{"first_system_uid"},
                $config{"last_system_uid"} );
            log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' was not created."), $new_name );
            exit( RET_NO_ID_IN_RANGE );
        }
        $gid_option = &first_avail_gid($new_firstgid || $config{"first_system_gid"},
                                       $new_lastgid || $config{"last_system_gid"},
                                       $gid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});
        $ingroup_name = $new_name;
    }
    elsif (!defined($new_uid) && !$make_group_also) {
        $new_uid = &first_avail_uid($new_firstuid || $config{"first_system_uid"},
                                    $new_lastuid || $config{"last_system_uid"},
                                    $uid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});
        if ($new_uid == -1) {
            log_warn( mtx("No UID is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_SYS_UID - LAST_SYS_UID)."),
                $config{"first_system_uid"},
                $config{"last_system_uid"} );
            log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' was not created."), $new_name);
            exit( RET_NO_ID_IN_RANGE );
        }
        if (defined($gid_option)) {
            $ingroup_name = getgrgid($gid_option);
        } elsif ($ingroup_name) {
            $gid_option = getgrnam($ingroup_name);
        } else {
            log_fatal( mtx("Neither ingroup option nor gid given.") );
            exit( RET_NO_PRIMARY_GROUP );
        }
    }
    else {
        if (defined($gid_option)) {
            $ingroup_name = getgrgid($gid_option);
        } elsif ($ingroup_name) {
            $gid_option = getgrnam($ingroup_name);
        } elsif ($make_group_also) {
            $gid_option=$new_uid; $ingroup_name=$new_name;
        } else {
            log_fatal( mtx("Neither ingroup option nor gid given and make_group_also unset.") );
            exit( RET_NO_PRIMARY_GROUP );
        }
    }
    log_info( mtx("Adding system user `%s' (UID %d) ..."), $new_name, $new_uid );

    # if we reach this point, and the group does already exist, we can use it.
    if ($make_group_also && !getgrnam($new_name)) {
        log_info( mtx("Adding new group `%s' (GID %d) ..."), $new_name, $gid_option );
        $undogroup = $new_name;
        my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
        if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
            &systemcall($groupadd, '--extrausers', '-g', $gid_option, $new_name);
        } else {
            &systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $gid_option, $new_name);
        }
    }

    log_info( mtx("Adding new user `%s' (UID %d) with group `%s' ..."),
        $new_name, $new_uid, $ingroup_name );
    $home_dir = $special_home || $uid_pool{$new_name}{'home'} || '/nonexistent';
    $no_create_home = $home_dir =~ /^\/+nonexistent(\/|$)/ ? 1 : $no_create_home;

    $shell = $special_shell || $uid_pool{$new_name}{'shell'} || '/usr/sbin/nologin';
    $undouser = $new_name;

    if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
        &systemcall('/usr/sbin/useradd', '--extrausers', '-r',
            '-K', sprintf('SYS_UID_MIN=%d', $config{'first_system_uid'}),
            '-K', sprintf('SYS_UID_MAX=%d', $config{'last_system_uid'}),
            '-d', $home_dir,
            '-g', $ingroup_name,
            '-s', $shell,
            '-u', $new_uid,
            $new_name);
    } else {
        &systemcall('/usr/sbin/useradd', '-r',
            '-K', sprintf('SYS_UID_MIN=%d', $config{'first_system_uid'}),
            '-K', sprintf('SYS_UID_MAX=%d', $config{'last_system_uid'}),
            '-d', $home_dir,
            '-g', $ingroup_name,
            '-s', $shell,
            '-u', $new_uid,
            $new_name);
    }

    release_lock(0);

    if (defined($new_comment)) {
        &ch_comment($new_comment);
    } elsif ($uid_pool{$new_name}{'comment'}) {
        &ch_comment($uid_pool{$new_name}{'comment'});
    }

    $primary_gid = $gid_option;
    create_homedir(0);

    exit( RET_OK );
}


#############
## adduser ##
#############
if ($action eq "adduser") {
    acquire_lock();

    $primary_gid=-1;
    my @supplemental_groups=();

    log_trace( "new_uid %s", $new_uid );
    log_trace( "ingroup_name %s, gid_option %s", $ingroup_name, $gid_option );
    log_trace( "usergroups %s", $config{"usergroups"} );
    log_trace( "users_gid %s, users_group %s", $config{"users_gid"}, $config{"users_group"} );
    log_trace( "primary_gid %s, supplemental groups %s", $primary_gid, join(", ",@supplemental_groups) );
    if( defined($config{"users_gid"}) && defined($config{"users_group"}) ) {
        log_warn ( mtx("USERS_GID and USERS_GROUP both given in configuration. This is an error.") );
        log_fatal (mtx("The user `%s' was not created."),$new_name);
        exit( RET_CONFIG_ERROR );
    }

    if ($config{"usergroups"} =~  /yes/i) {
        log_trace( "config usergroups == yes code path" );
        $make_group_also = 1;
        if( $gid_option ) {
            $make_group_also = 0;
            $primary_gid = $gid_option;
            log_trace( "gid_option defined %s, make_group_also 0, primary_gid=gid_option", $gid_option );
        }
        if( $ingroup_name ) {
            $make_group_also = 0;
            $primary_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name);
            log_trace( "ingroup_name defined %s, make_group_also 0, primary_gid %s", $gid_option, $primary_gid );
        }
        log_trace( "make_group_also %s, primary_gid %s", $make_group_also, $primary_gid );
        if( defined( $primary_gid) && $primary_gid == -1 && $make_group_also == 0 ) {
            if (defined($config{"users_gid"}) && $config{"users_gid"} != -1) {
                my @grgid=getgrgid($config{"users_gid"});
                my $grname=$grgid[0];
                log_debug( "set primary_gid to users_gid %s %s", $config{"users_gid"}, $grname);
                $primary_gid = $config{"users_gid"};
            } elsif (defined($config{"users_gid"}) && $config{"users_gid"} == -1) {
                # nothing
            } else {
                my $primary_group="users";
                if (defined($config{"users_group"})) {
                    $primary_group=$config{"users_group"};
                }
                $primary_gid=getgrnam($primary_group);
                log_debug( "set primary_gid to users_group %s %s", $primary_gid, $primary_group);
            }
        } else {
            if (defined($config{"users_gid"}) && $config{"users_gid"} != -1) {
                my @grgid=getgrgid($config{"users_gid"});
                my $grname=$grgid[0];
                log_trace( "push users_gid %s %s to supplemental_groups", $config{"users_gid"}, $grname);
                push(@supplemental_groups, $grname);
            } elsif (defined($config{"users_gid"}) && $config{"users_gid"} == -1) {
                # nothing
            } else {
                my $supp_group="users";
                if (defined($config{"users_group"})) {
                    $supp_group=$config{"users_group"};
                }
                log_trace( "push %s to supplemental_groups", $supp_group );
                push(@supplemental_groups, $supp_group);
            }
        }
    } else {
        log_debug( "config usergroups != yes code path" );
        if( defined($ingroup_name) ) {
            $primary_gid=getgrnam($ingroup_name);
        } elsif (defined($config{"users_gid"})) {
            log_trace( "primary_gid = users_gid = %d", $primary_gid );
            $primary_gid = $config{"users_gid"};
        } else {
            if (defined($config{"users_group"})) {
                my @grgid=getgrnam($config{"users_group"});
                my $grgid=$grgid[2];
                log_trace( "primary_gid = users_group %s %s", $config{"users_group"}, $grgid);
                $primary_gid = $grgid;
            } else {
                log_trace( "primary_gid = literal 100");
                $primary_gid = 100;
            }
        }
        if( $primary_gid == -1 ) {
            log_fatal( "no primary GID for user set. User not created." );
            exit( RET_NO_PRIMARY_GID );
        }
    }
    log_debug( "primary_gid %s, supplemental groups %s", $primary_gid, join(", ",@supplemental_groups) );
    if ( defined $ingroup_name || defined $gid_option ) {
        $make_group_also = 0;
        log_trace( "set make_group_also 0, neither ingroup_name or gid_option defined" );
    }
    check_user_group(0);
    $first_uid = $new_firstuid || $config{"first_uid"};
    $last_uid = $new_lastuid || $config{"last_uid"};
    if ($config{"usergroups"} =~  /yes/i) {
        $first_gid = $first_uid;
        $last_gid = $last_uid;
    } else {
        $first_gid = $new_firstgid || $config{"first_gid"};
        $last_gid = $new_lastgid || $config{"last_gid"};
    }
    log_trace( "first_uid %s, last_uid %s, first_gid %s, last_gid %s", $first_uid, $last_uid, $first_gid, $last_gid );
    log_info (gtx("Adding user `%s' ..."),$new_name);

    if (!defined($new_uid)) {
        if ( defined $ingroup_name ) {
            $new_uid = &first_avail_uid( $first_uid,
                                             $last_uid,
                                             $uid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});
        } else {
            my $first_uidgid = ($first_uid, $first_gid)[$first_uid > $first_gid];
            my $last_uidgid  = ($last_uid, $last_gid)[$last_uid < $last_gid];
            # TODO: Check what happens when those ranges do not overlap
            $new_uid = &first_avail_uid_gid( $first_uidgid,
                                             $last_uidgid,
                                             $uid_pool{$new_name}{'id'});
            log_trace( "uidgid=%s, from first_uidgid %s, last_uidgid %s", $new_uid, $first_uidgid, $last_uidgid);
        }
        # TODO: user can specify different UID and GID here.
        # idea: split handling in uid/gid, which are equally the return value of
        # first_avail_uid_gid. If either pool_id is defined, set uid and gid from
        # distinct first_avail_uid and first_avail_gid calls.

        log_debug( "new_uid %s selected", $new_uid);
        if ($new_uid == -1) {
            log_warn( mtx("No UID/GID pair is available in the range %d-%d (FIRST_UID - LAST_UID)."), $first_uid, $last_uid);
            log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' was not created."), $new_name );
            exit( RET_NO_ID_IN_RANGE );
        }
        log_trace( "gid_option %s, ingroup_name %s", $gid_option, $ingroup_name );
        if ( defined $gid_option && $gid_option == -1 && defined $ingroup_name && $ingroup_name == "") {
            log_warn( mtx("USERGROUPS=no, USER_GID=-1 and USERS_GROUP empty. A user needs a primary group!") );
            log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' was not created."), $new_name );
            exit( RET_NO_PRIMARY_GROUP );
        } elsif (defined($gid_option) && $gid_option != -1) {
            $ingroup_name = getgrgid($gid_option);
            $primary_gid = $gid_option;
            log_debug( "gid_option defined and not -1, ingroup_name %s, primary_gid %d", $ingroup_name, $primary_gid );
        } elsif ($ingroup_name) {
            $primary_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name);
            log_debug( "ingroup_name defined %s, primary_gid %d", $ingroup_name, $primary_gid );
        } elsif ( defined( $primary_gid ) ) {
            $ingroup_name = getgrgid($primary_gid);
            log_debug( "primary_gid defined %d, ingroup_name %s", $primary_gid, $primary_gid  );
        } else {
            $ingroup_name = 'users';
            $primary_gid = 100;
            log_debug( "ingroup_name hard users, primary_gid hard 100" );
        }
        if ($make_group_also) {
            $primary_gid = $new_uid;
            $ingroup_name = $new_name;
            log_trace( "make_group_also %s, primary_gid %s, ingroup_name %s", $make_group_also, $primary_gid, $ingroup_name );
        }
    } else {
        log_debug( "new_uid %s, primary_gid %s, ingroup_name %s, make_group_also %s", $new_uid, $primary_gid, $ingroup_name, $make_group_also );
        if (defined($gid_option)) {
            $ingroup_name = getgrgid($gid_option);
            $primary_gid = $gid_option;
            log_debug( "gid_option defined %s, ingroup_name %s", $gid_option, $ingroup_name );
        } elsif (defined($primary_gid) && $primary_gid != -1) {
            $ingroup_name = getgrgid($primary_gid);
            log_debug( "primary_gid defined %s, ingroup_name %s", $primary_gid, $ingroup_name );
        } elsif ($ingroup_name) {
            $primary_gid = getgrnam($ingroup_name);
            log_debug( "ingroup_name defined %s, primary_gid %s", $ingroup_name, $primary_gid );
        } elsif ($make_group_also) {
            $primary_gid=$new_uid; $ingroup_name=$new_name;
            log_debug( "make_group_also %s, primary_gid defined %s, ingroup_name %s", $make_group_also, $primary_gid, $ingroup_name );
        } else {
            log_debug( "no gid_option, no primary_gid, no ingroup_name, no make_group_also" );
            log_fatal( mtx("Internal error interpreting parameter combination") );
            exit( RET_INTERNAL );
        }
    }

    log_debug ("make_group_also %s", $make_group_also );
    if ($make_group_also) {
        $undogroup = $new_name;
        my $groupadd = &which('groupadd');
        if( defined( $primary_gid ) ) {
           log_info( mtx("Adding new group `%s' (%d) ..."), $new_name, $primary_gid);
           if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
               &systemcall($groupadd, '--extrausers', '-g', $primary_gid, $new_name);
           } else {
               &systemcall($groupadd, '-g', $primary_gid, $new_name);
           }
        } else {
           log_info( mtx("Adding new group `%s' (new group ID) ..."), $new_name);
           if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
               &systemcall($groupadd, '--extrausers', $new_name);
           } else {
               &systemcall($groupadd, $new_name);
           }
           $primary_gid = getgrnam($new_name);
           log_info( mtx("new group '%s' created with GID %d"), $new_name, $primary_gid );
        }
    }

    {
        my @grgid=getgrgid($primary_gid);
        my $grname=$grgid[0];
        log_info( mtx("Adding new user `%s' (%d) with group `%s (%d)' ..."), $new_name, $new_uid, $grname, $primary_gid );
    }
    $home_dir = $special_home || $uid_pool{$new_name}{'home'} || &homedir($new_name, $ingroup_name);
    if( !$disabled_login ) {
        $shell = $special_shell || $uid_pool{$new_name}{'shell'} || $config{"dshell"};
    } else {
        $shell = $special_shell || $uid_pool{$new_name}{'shell'} || "/usr/sbin/nologin";
    }
    log_debug( "creating new user with home_dir %s and shell %s", $home_dir, $shell );
    $undouser = $new_name;
    my $useradd = &which('useradd');
    if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
        &systemcall($useradd, '--extrausers', '-d', $home_dir, '-g', $primary_gid, '-s',
                    $shell, '-u', $new_uid, $new_name);
    } else {
        &systemcall($useradd, '-d', $home_dir, '-g', $primary_gid, '-s',
                    $shell, '-u', $new_uid, $new_name);
    }

    create_homedir (1); # copy skeleton data

    # useradd without -p has left the account disabled (password string is '!')
    my $yesexpr = langinfo(YESEXPR());
    my $noexpr = langinfo(NOEXPR());
    if ($ask_passwd) {
        PASSWD: for (;;) {
            my $passwd = &which('passwd');
            # do _not_ use systemcall() here, since systemcall() dies on
            # non-zero exit code and we need to do special handling here!
            system($passwd, $new_name);
            my $ok = $?>>8;
            if ($ok != 0) {
                my $answer;
                # hm, error, should we break now?
                log_warn( mtx("Permission denied")) if ($ok == 1);
                log_warn( mtx("invalid combination of options")) if ($ok == 2);
                log_warn( mtx("unexpected failure, nothing done")) if ($ok == 3);
                log_warn( mtx("unexpected failure, passwd file missing")) if ($ok == 4);
                log_warn( mtx("passwd file busy, try again")) if ($ok == 5);
                log_warn( mtx("invalid argument to option")) if ($ok == 6);

                # Translators: [y/N] has to be replaced by values defined in your
                # locale.  You can see by running "locale noexpr" which regular
                # expression will be checked to find positive answer.
                PROMPT: for (;;) {
                    print (gtx("Try again? [y/N] "));
                    chop ($answer=<STDIN>);
                    last PROMPT if ($answer =~ m/$yesexpr/o);
                    last PASSWD if ($answer =~ m/$noexpr/o);
                    last PASSWD if (!$answer);
                }
            } else {
                last; ## passwd ok
            }
        }
    }

    if (defined($new_comment)) {
        &ch_comment($new_comment);
    } elsif ($uid_pool{$new_name}{'comment'}) {
        &ch_comment($uid_pool{$new_name}{'comment'});
    } else {
        my $noexpr = langinfo(NOEXPR());
        my $yesexpr = langinfo(YESEXPR());
        CHFN: for (;;) {
            my $chfn = &which('chfn');
            if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
                &systemcall($chfn, '--extrausers', $new_name);
            } else {
                &systemcall($chfn, $new_name);
            }
            # Translators: [y/N] has to be replaced by values defined in your
            # locale.  You can see by running "locale yesexpr" which regular
            # expression will be checked to find positive answer.
            PROMPT: for (;;) {
                print (gtx("Is the information correct? [Y/n] "));
                chop (my $answer=<STDIN>);
                last PROMPT if ($answer =~ m/$noexpr/o);
                last CHFN if ($answer =~ m/$yesexpr/o);
                last CHFN if (!$answer);
            }
        }
    }

    if ( ( $add_extra_groups || $config{"add_extra_groups"} ) && defined($config{"extra_groups"}) ) {
        log_debug( "add extra_groups from config (%s) to supplemental_groups", $config{"extra_groups"} );
        push (@supplemental_groups, split(/\s+/,$config{"extra_groups"}));
    }
    if ( @supplemental_groups ) {
        log_info( mtx("Adding new user `%s' to supplemental / extra groups `%s' ..."), $new_name, join(", ", @supplemental_groups) );
        foreach my $newgrp ( @supplemental_groups ) {
            log_trace( "newgrp %s", $newgrp );
            if (!defined getgrnam($newgrp)) {
                log_warn( mtx("The group `%s' does not exist."), $newgrp);
                next;
            }
            if (&user_is_member($new_name, $newgrp)) {
                log_info( mtx("The user `%s' is already a member of `%s'."),
                        $new_name,$newgrp );
                next;

            }

            log_info( mtx("Adding user `%s' to group `%s' ..."), $new_name, $newgrp );
            my $gpasswd = &which('gpasswd');
            if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
                &systemcall($gpasswd, '--extrausers', '-M',
                            join(',', get_group_members($newgrp), $new_name),
                            $newgrp);
            } else {
                &systemcall($gpasswd, '-M',
                            join(',', get_group_members($newgrp), $new_name),
                            $newgrp);
            }
        }
    }


    if ($config{"quotauser"}) {
        log_info( mtx("Setting quota for user `%s' to values of user `%s' ..."), $new_name, $config{quotauser} );
        my $edquota = &which('edquota');
        &systemcall($edquota, '-p', $config{quotauser}, $new_name);
    }

    &systemcall('/usr/local/sbin/adduser.local', $new_name, $new_uid,
            $primary_gid, $home_dir) if (-x "/usr/local/sbin/adduser.local");
    release_lock(0);

    exit( RET_OK );
}

#
# we never go here
#


# calculate home directory
sub homedir {
    my $dir = $config{"dhome"};
    $dir .= '/' . $_[1] if ($config{"grouphomes"} =~ /yes/i);
    $dir .= '/' . substr($_[0],0,1) if ($config{"letterhomes"} =~ /yes/i);
    $dir .= '/' . $_[0];
    return $dir;
}


# create_homedir -- create the homedirectory
# parameter
#   1: $copy_skeleton:
#     if 0  -> do not copy the skeleton data
#     if 1  -> copy the files in /etc/skel to the newly created home directory
# return values:
#   none
sub create_homedir {
    my ($copy_skeleton) = @_;

    if ($home_dir =~ /^\/+nonexistent(\/|$)/) {
        log_info( mtx("Not creating `%s'."), $home_dir );
    } elsif ($no_create_home) {
        log_info( mtx("Not creating home directory `%s'."), $home_dir );
    } elsif (-e $home_dir) {
        log_warn( mtx("The home directory `%s' already exists.  Not touching this directory."),
            $home_dir );
        my @homedir_stat = stat($home_dir);
        my $home_uid = $homedir_stat[4];
        my $home_gid = $homedir_stat[5];
        if (($home_uid != $new_uid) || ($home_gid != $primary_gid)) {
            log_warn( mtx("Warning: The home directory `%s' does not belong to the user you are currently creating."), $home_dir );
        }
    } else {
        log_info( mtx("Creating home directory `%s' ..."),$home_dir );
        $undohome = $home_dir;
        if( !&mktree($home_dir) ) {
           log_err( gtx("Couldn't create home directory `%s': %s."), $home_dir, $!);
           &cleanup();
        }
        if ($action eq "adduser") {
            # Mute the command
            system('sh' => ( '-c' => '"$@" >/dev/null 2>&1', '--', '/usr/sbin/zsysctl', 'userdata', 'create', $new_name, $home_dir,));
        }
        if( !chown($new_uid, $primary_gid, $home_dir) ) {
            log_err("chown %s:%s %s: %s", $new_uid, $primary_gid, $home_dir, $!);
            &cleanup();
        }
        $dir_mode = get_dir_mode();
        if( !chmod ($dir_mode, $home_dir) ) {
            log_err("chmod %s %s: %s", $dir_mode, $home_dir, $!);
            &cleanup();
        }

        if (defined($encrypt_home)) {
            printf gtx("Setting up encryption ...\n") if $verbose;
            &systemcall($ecryptfs_setup_private, '-b', '-u', $new_name);
        }

        if ($config{"skel"} && $copy_skeleton) {
            log_info( mtx("Copying files from `%s' ..."), $config{skel} );
            my $findpipe;
            if( !open($findpipe, q{-|}, "cd $config{skel}; find .  -print") ) {
                log_err( mtx("fork for `find' failed: %s"), $!);
                &cleanup();
            }
            while (<$findpipe>) {
                chop;
                next if ($_ eq ".");
                next if ($_ =~ qr/$config{skel_ignore_regex}/ );
                &copy_to_dir($config{"skel"}, $_, $home_dir, $new_uid,
                    $primary_gid, ($config{"setgid_home"} =~ /yes/i));
            }
            close ($findpipe);
        }

        if (defined($encrypt_home)) {
            &systemcall("/bin/umount", $home_dir);
        }
    }
}

# mktree: create a directory and all parent directories
# we do not care about the rights and so on
# parameters:
#   tree: the path
# return values:
#   none
sub mktree {
    my($tree) = @_;
    my($done, @path);
    my $default_dir_mode = oct(755);

    $tree =~ s:^/*(.*)/*$:$1:; # chop off leading & trailing slashes
    @path = split(/\//, $tree);

    $done = "";
    while (@path) {
        $done .= '/' . shift(@path);
        -d $done || mkdir($done, $default_dir_mode) || return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

# existing_user_ok: check if there is already a user present
# on the system which satisfies the requirements
# parameter:
#   new_name: the name of the user to check
#   new_uid : the UID of the user
# return values:
#   0 if the the user does not exist
#   1 if the user already exists with the specified uid
#     (or $new_uid was not specified)
#   2 if the user already exists, but $new_uid does not match its uid
sub existing_user_ok {
    my($new_name,$new_uid) = @_;
    my ($dummy1,$dummy2,$uid);
    if (($dummy1,$dummy2,$uid) = getpwnam($new_name)) {
        if( defined($new_uid) && $uid == $new_uid ) {
            return 1;
        }
        if (! defined($new_uid)) {
            return 1;
        }
        # TODO: do we really need this code? Range check should not be performed here
        # also, we might be checking a normal user as well here
        if( $uid >= $config{"first_system_uid"} &&
            $uid <= $config{"last_system_uid" } ) {
            return 2;
        }
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}

# existing_group_ok: check if there is already a group which satiesfies the requirements
# parameter:
#   new_name: the name of the group
#   new_gid : the GID of the group
# return values:
#   0 if the group does not exist
#   1 if the group already exists with the specified gid
#      (or $gid_option was not specified)
#   2 if the group already exists, but $gid_option does not match its gid
#   3 if the group already exists inside the system range
sub existing_group_ok {
    my($new_name,$new_gid) = @_;
    my ($dummy1,$dummy2,$gid);
    if (($dummy1,$dummy2,$gid) = getgrnam($new_name)) {

        # TODO: is this check required? There should not  be any
        # gid outside of our allowed range anyways ...
        # also, we might be checking a normal user as well here
        if( $gid >= $config{"first_system_gid"} &&
            $gid <= $config{"last_system_gid" } ) {
            return 3;
        }
        if (! defined($new_gid)) {
            return 1;
        }
        if ($gid == $new_gid) {
            return 1;
        } else {
            return 2;
        }
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
}



# check_user_group: ???
# parameters:
#   system: 0 if the user is not a system user, 1 otherwise
# return values:
#
# todo: not sure whether global variables apply fine here.
sub check_user_group {
    my ($system) = @_;
    log_debug( "check_user_group %s called, make_group_also %s", $system, $make_group_also );
    if( !$system || !existing_user_ok($new_name, $new_uid) ) {
        if( defined getpwnam($new_name) ) {
            if( $system ) {
                log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' already exists, and is not a system user."), $new_name);
                exit( RET_WRONG_OBJECT_PROPERTIES );
            } else {
                log_fatal( mtx("The user `%s' already exists."), $new_name);
                exit( RET_OBJECT_EXISTS );
            }
        }
        if (defined($new_uid) && getpwuid($new_uid)) {
            log_fatal( mtx("The UID %d is already in use."), $new_uid);
            exit( RET_ID_IN_USE );
        }
    }
    if ($make_group_also) {
        log_trace( "make_group_also 1, new_name %s, new_uid %s", $new_name, $new_uid );
        if( !$system || !existing_group_ok($new_name, $new_uid) ) {
            if (defined getgrnam($new_name)) {
                log_fatal( mtx("The group `%s' already exists."),$new_name );
                exit( RET_OBJECT_EXISTS );
            }
            if (defined($new_uid) && defined(getgrgid($new_uid))) {
                log_fatal( mtx("The GID %d is already in use."),$new_uid );
                exit( RET_ID_IN_USE );
            }
        }
    } else {
        if ($ingroup_name && !defined(getgrnam($ingroup_name))) {
            log_fatal( mtx("The group `%s' does not exist."), $ingroup_name);
            exit( RET_OBJECT_DOES_NOT_EXIST );
        }
        if (defined($gid_option) && !defined(getgrgid($gid_option))) {
            log_fatal( mtx("No group with GID %d found."), $gid_option);
            exit( RET_OBJECT_DOES_NOT_EXIST );
        }
    }
    log_debug( "return from check_user_group" );
}


# copy_to_dir :
# parameters:
#   fromdir
#   file
#   todir
#   newi
#   newg
#   sgiddir
# return values:
#   none
sub copy_to_dir {
    my($fromdir, $file, $todir, $newu, $newg, $sgiddir) = @_;

    if (-l "$fromdir/$file") {
        my $target;
        if( !($target = readlink("$fromdir/$file")) ) {
            log_err( "readlink: %s", $! );
            &cleanup();
        }
        my $curgid="$)";
        my $curuid="$>";
        my $error="";
        $)="$newg";
        $>="$newu";
        symlink("$target", "$todir/$file") or $error="$!";
        $>="$curuid";
        $)="$curgid";
        if( "$error" ne "" ) {
            log_err( "symlink: %s", $!);
            &cleanup();
        }
        return;
    } elsif (-f "$fromdir/$file") {
        my $filefh;
        my $newfilefh;
        if( !open ($filefh, q{<}, "$fromdir/$file") ) {
            log_err( "open %s/%s: %s", $fromdir, $file , $!);
            &cleanup();
        }
        if( !open ($newfilefh, q{>}, "$todir/$file") ) {
            log_err( "open >%s/%s: %s", $todir, $file, $!);
            &cleanup();
        }

        if( !print $newfilefh (<$filefh>) ) {
           log_err( "print %s/%s: %s", $todir, $file, $!);
           &cleanup();
        }
        close($filefh);
        if( !close($newfilefh) ) {
            log_err( "close %s/%s: %s", $todir, $file, $!);
            &cleanup();
        }
    } elsif (-d "$fromdir/$file") {
        if( !mkdir("$todir/$file", 700) ) {
            log_err( "mkdir: %s/%s: %s", $todir, $file, $!);
            &cleanup();
        }
    } else {
        log_err( mtx("%s/%s is neither a dir, file, nor a symlink."), $fromdir, $file );
        &cleanup();
    }

    if( !chown($newu, $newg, "$todir/$file") ) {
       log_err( "chown %s:%s %s/%s: %s", $newu, $newg, $todir, $file, $! );
       &cleanup();
    }
    $perm = (stat("$fromdir/$file"))[2] & oct(7777);
    if (-d "$fromdir/$file" && ($perm & oct(10)) && $sgiddir) {
        $perm |= oct(2000);
    }
    if( !chmod($perm, "$todir/$file") ) {
       log_err( "chmod %s/%s: %s", $todir, $file, $!);
       &cleanup();
    }
}


# checkname: perform some sanity checks
# parameters:
#   name: the name to check
# return values:
#   none (exits on error)
sub checkname {
    my ($name) = @_;

    my $ieee_regex = '^[_.A-Za-z0-9][-\@_.A-Za-z0-9]*\$?$';
    my $min_regex = qr{^[^-+~:,\s/][^:,\s/]*$};
    my $name_regex_var = $found_sys_opt ? 'SYS_NAME_REGEX' : 'NAME_REGEX';
    my $name_regex = $config{lc $name_regex_var};

    if ($name =~ /^[\d]+$/) {
        # this check cannot be turned off
        log_err( mtx("To avoid ambiguity with numerical UIDs, usernames which
            consist of only digits are not allowed.") );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME );
    }

    if (length $name > 32) {
        # this check cannot be turned off
        log_err( mtx("Usernames must be no more than 32 bytes in length;
            note that if you are using Unicode characters, the character
            limit will be less than 32.") );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME );
    }

    if ($name !~ $min_regex) {
        # this check cannot be turned off
        log_err( mtx("To avoid problems, the username must not start with a
            dash, plus sign, or tilde, and it must not contain any of the
            following: colon, comma, slash, or any whitespace characters
            including spaces, tabs, and newlines.") );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME );
    }

    return if ($name =~ qr/$name_regex/);

    if ($name !~ $ieee_regex && $name_check_level < 2) {
        log_err( mtx("To avoid problems, the username should consist only of
            letters, digits, underscores, periods, at signs and dashes, and
            not start with a dash (as defined by IEEE Std 1003.1-2001). For
            compatibility with Samba machine accounts, \$ is also supported
            at the end of the username.  (Use the `--allow-all-names' option
            to bypass this restriction.)") );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME );
    }

    if ($name_check_level) {
        log_info( mtx("Allowing use of questionable username.") );
    } else {
        log_err( mtx("Please enter a username matching the regular expression
            configured via the %s configuration variable.  Use the
            `--allow-bad-names' option to relax this check or reconfigure
            %s in configuration."), $name_regex_var, $name_regex_var );
        exit( RET_INVALID_CHARS_IN_NAME );
    }
}

# first_avail_uid: return the first available uid in given range
# parameters:
#   min, max: the range
#   pool_id: user id suggested from pool
# return values:
#   -1 if no free uid is available
#  otherwise the choosen uid
sub first_avail_uid {
    my ($min, $max, $pool_id) = @_;
    if (defined ($pool_id)) {
        return $pool_id if (!defined(getpwuid($pool_id)));
        return -1;
    }
    log_info( mtx("Selecting UID from range %d to %d ...\n"),$min,$max);

    my $t = $min;
    while ($t <= $max) {
       return $t if (!defined(getpwuid($t)));
       $t++;
    }
    return -1; # nothing available
}

# first_avail_gid: return the first available gid in given range
# parameters:
#   min, max: the range
#   pool_id: group id suggested from pool
# return values:
#   -1 if no free gid is available
#   otherwise the choosen gid
sub first_avail_gid {
    my ($min, $max, $pool_id) = @_;
    if (defined ($pool_id)) {
        return $pool_id if (!defined(getgrgid($pool_id)));
        return -1;
    }
    log_info( mtx("Selecting GID from range %d to %d ..."),$min,$max);

    my $t = $min;
    while ($t <= $max) {
       return $t if (!defined(getgrgid($t)));
       $t++;
    }
    return -1; # nothing available
}

# first_avail_uid_gid: return the first available id in given range
#     that is both available as uid and gid
# parameters:
#   min, max: the range
#   pool_id: user id suggested from pool
# return values:
#   -1 if no free id is available
#   otherwise the choosen id
sub first_avail_uid_gid {
    my ($min, $max, $pool_id) = @_;
    if (defined ($pool_id)) {
        return $pool_id if (!defined(getgrgid($pool_id)));
        return -1;
    }
    log_info( mtx("Selecting UID/GID from range %d to %d ..."), $min, $max );

    my $t = $min;
    while ($t <= $max) {
       return $t if (!defined(getgrgid($t)) && !defined(getpwuid($t)));
       $t++;
    }
    return -1; # nothing available
}

sub ch_comment {
    my $chfn = &which('chfn');
    my $comment = shift;
    if($comment =~ /,/) {
        my($comment_name,$comment_room,$comment_work,$comment_home,$comment_other)
          = split(/,/,$comment);

        if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
            &systemcall($chfn, '--extrausers', '-f', $comment_name, '-r', $comment_room, $new_name);
            &systemcall($chfn,'--extrausers','-w',$comment_work,$new_name)
                if(defined($comment_work));
            &systemcall($chfn,'--extrausers','-h',$comment_home,$new_name)
                if(defined($comment_home));
            &systemcall($chfn,'--extrausers','-o',$comment_other,$new_name)
                if(defined($comment_other));
        } else {
            &systemcall($chfn, '-f', $comment_name, '-r', $comment_room, $new_name);
            &systemcall($chfn,'-w',$comment_work,$new_name)
                if(defined($comment_work));
            &systemcall($chfn,'-h',$comment_home,$new_name)
                if(defined($comment_home));
            &systemcall($chfn,'-o',$comment_other,$new_name)
                if(defined($comment_other));
        }
    } else {
        if ( ($use_extrausers) || ($config{"use_extrausers"}) ) {
            &systemcall($chfn, '--extrausers', '-f', $comment, $new_name);
        } else {
            &systemcall($chfn, '-f', $comment, $new_name);
        }
    }
}

# user is member of group?
sub user_is_member {
    my($user, $group) = @_;
    for (split(/ /, (getgrnam($group))[3])) {
        return 1 if ($user eq $_);
    }
    return 0;
}


sub cleanup {
    if ($undohome) {
        log_info( mtx("Removing directory `%s' ..."), $undohome);
        &systemcall('rm', '-rf', $undohome);
    }
    if ($undouser) {
        log_info( mtx("Removing user `%s' ..."), $undouser);
        &systemcall('userdel', $undouser);
    }
    if ($undogroup) {
        log_info( mtx("Removing group `%s' ..."), $undogroup);
        &systemcall('groupdel', $undogroup);
    }
    exit( RET_ADDUSER_ABORTED );
}

sub handler {
    my($sig) = @_;
    # Translators: the variable %s is INT, QUIT, or HUP.
    # Please do not insert a space character between SIG and %s.
    log_err( mtx( "Caught a SIG%s.", $sig ) );
    &cleanup();
}


sub version {
    printf( gtx("adduser version %s\n\n"), $version );
    print( gtx("Adds a user or group to the system.

For detailed copyright information, please refer to
/usr/share/doc/adduser/copyright.
\n") );
    print( gtx(
"This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at
your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
General Public License, /usr/share/common-licenses/GPL, for more details.
") );
}

sub usage {
    printf( gtx(
"adduser [--uid id] [--firstuid id] [--lastuid id]
        [--gid id] [--firstgid id] [--lastgid id] [--ingroup group]
        [--add-extra-groups] [--encrypt-home] [--shell shell]
        [--comment comment] [--home dir] [--no-create-home]
        [--allow-all-names] [--allow-bad-names]
        [--disabled-password] [--disabled-login]
        [--conf file] [--extrausers] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--debug]
        user
    Add a normal user

adduser --system
        [--uid id] [--group] [--ingroup group] [--gid id]
        [--shell shell] [--comment comment] [--home dir] [--no-create-home]
        [--conf file] [--extrausers] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--debug]
        user
   Add a system user

adduser --group
        [--gid ID] [--firstgid id] [--lastgid id]
        [--conf file] [--extrausers] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--debug]
        group
addgroup
        [--gid ID] [--firstgid id] [--lastgid id]
        [--conf file] [--extrausers] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--debug]
        group
   Add a user group

addgroup --system
        [--gid id]
        [--conf file] [--extrausers] [--quiet] [--verbose] [--debug]
        group
   Add a system group

adduser [--extrausers] USER GROUP
   Add an existing user to an existing group\n") );
}

sub usage_error {
    &usage;
    exit( RET_INVALID_CALL );
}

# get_dir_mode: return the appropriate permissions mode for a home directory
# parameters:
#   none
# return value:
#   a valid octal mode
sub get_dir_mode
  {
    my $setgid = $config{"setgid_home"} =~ /yes/i;
    my $mode = $found_sys_opt
      ? $config{"sys_dir_mode"}
      : $config{"dir_mode"};

    if(!defined($mode) || ! ($mode =~ /[0-7]{3}/ || $mode =~ /[0-7]{4}/)) {
        $mode = ($found_sys_opt) ? "750" : "0750";
    }

    if($setgid && (length($mode) == 3 || $mode =~ /^[0-1|4-5][0-7]{3}$/)) {
        $mode += 2000;
    }

    return oct($mode);
  }

# Local Variables:
# mode:cperl
# cperl-indent-level:4
# End:

# vim: tabstop=4 shiftwidth=4 expandtab
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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