Current File : //proc/self/root/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/zope/interface/tests/test_interface.py
##############################################################################
#
# Copyright (c) 2001, 2002 Zope Foundation and Contributors.
# All Rights Reserved.
#
# This software is subject to the provisions of the Zope Public License,
# Version 2.1 (ZPL).  A copy of the ZPL should accompany this distribution.
# THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES ARE DISCLAIMED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
# WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, AGAINST INFRINGEMENT, AND FITNESS
# FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
#
##############################################################################
"""Test Interface implementation
"""
# Things we let slide because it's a test
# pylint:disable=protected-access,blacklisted-name,attribute-defined-outside-init
# pylint:disable=too-many-public-methods,too-many-lines,abstract-method
# pylint:disable=redefined-builtin,signature-differs,arguments-differ
# Things you get inheriting from Interface
# pylint:disable=inherit-non-class,no-self-argument,no-method-argument
# Things you get using methods of an Interface 'subclass'
# pylint:disable=no-value-for-parameter
import unittest

from zope.interface.tests import MissingSomeAttrs
from zope.interface.tests import OptimizationTestMixin
from zope.interface.tests import CleanUp

_marker = object()


class Test_invariant(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_w_single(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import invariant
        from zope.interface.interface import TAGGED_DATA

        def _check(*args, **kw):
            raise NotImplementedError()

        class Foo:
            invariant(_check)

        self.assertEqual(getattr(Foo, TAGGED_DATA, None),
                         {'invariants': [_check]})

    def test_w_multiple(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import invariant
        from zope.interface.interface import TAGGED_DATA

        def _check(*args, **kw):
            raise NotImplementedError()

        def _another_check(*args, **kw):
            raise NotImplementedError()

        class Foo:
            invariant(_check)
            invariant(_another_check)

        self.assertEqual(getattr(Foo, TAGGED_DATA, None),
                         {'invariants': [_check, _another_check]})


class Test_taggedValue(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_w_single(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import taggedValue
        from zope.interface.interface import TAGGED_DATA

        class Foo:
            taggedValue('bar', ['baz'])

        self.assertEqual(getattr(Foo, TAGGED_DATA, None),
                         {'bar': ['baz']})

    def test_w_multiple(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import taggedValue
        from zope.interface.interface import TAGGED_DATA

        class Foo:
            taggedValue('bar', ['baz'])
            taggedValue('qux', 'spam')

        self.assertEqual(getattr(Foo, TAGGED_DATA, None),
                         {'bar': ['baz'], 'qux': 'spam'})

    def test_w_multiple_overwriting(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import taggedValue
        from zope.interface.interface import TAGGED_DATA

        class Foo:
            taggedValue('bar', ['baz'])
            taggedValue('qux', 'spam')
            taggedValue('bar', 'frob')

        self.assertEqual(getattr(Foo, TAGGED_DATA, None),
                         {'bar': 'frob', 'qux': 'spam'})


class ElementTests(unittest.TestCase):

    DEFAULT_NAME = 'AnElement'

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Element
        return Element

    def _makeOne(self, name=None):
        if name is None:
            name = self.DEFAULT_NAME
        return self._getTargetClass()(name)

    def test_ctor_defaults(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(element.__name__, self.DEFAULT_NAME)
        self.assertEqual(element.getName(), self.DEFAULT_NAME)
        self.assertEqual(element.__doc__, '')
        self.assertEqual(element.getDoc(), '')
        self.assertEqual(list(element.getTaggedValueTags()), [])

    def test_ctor_no_doc_space_in_name(self):
        element = self._makeOne('An Element')
        self.assertEqual(element.__name__, None)
        self.assertEqual(element.__doc__, 'An Element')

    def test_getTaggedValue_miss(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, element.getTaggedValue, 'nonesuch')

    def test_getDirectTaggedValueTags(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual([], list(element.getDirectTaggedValueTags()))

        element.setTaggedValue('foo', 'bar')
        self.assertEqual(['foo'], list(element.getDirectTaggedValueTags()))

    def test_queryTaggedValue_miss(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(element.queryTaggedValue('nonesuch'), None)

    def test_queryTaggedValue_miss_w_default(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(element.queryTaggedValue('nonesuch', 'bar'), 'bar')

    def test_getDirectTaggedValue_miss(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, element.getDirectTaggedValue, 'nonesuch')

    def test_queryDirectTaggedValue_miss(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(element.queryDirectTaggedValue('nonesuch'), None)

    def test_queryDirectTaggedValue_miss_w_default(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(element.queryDirectTaggedValue('nonesuch', 'bar'), 'bar')

    def test_setTaggedValue(self):
        element = self._makeOne()
        element.setTaggedValue('foo', 'bar')
        self.assertEqual(list(element.getTaggedValueTags()), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(element.getTaggedValue('foo'), 'bar')
        self.assertEqual(element.queryTaggedValue('foo'), 'bar')

    def test_verifies(self):
        from zope.interface.interfaces import IElement
        from zope.interface.verify import verifyObject

        element = self._makeOne()
        verifyObject(IElement, element)


class GenericSpecificationBaseTests(unittest.TestCase):
    # Tests that work with both implementations
    def _getFallbackClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import SpecificationBasePy # pylint:disable=no-name-in-module
        return SpecificationBasePy

    _getTargetClass = _getFallbackClass

    def _makeOne(self):
        return self._getTargetClass()()

    def test_providedBy_miss(self):
        from zope.interface import interface
        from zope.interface.declarations import _empty
        sb = self._makeOne()
        def _providedBy(obj):
            return _empty
        with _Monkey(interface, providedBy=_providedBy):
            self.assertFalse(sb.providedBy(object()))

    def test_implementedBy_miss(self):
        from zope.interface import interface
        from zope.interface.declarations import _empty
        sb = self._makeOne()
        def _implementedBy(obj):
            return _empty
        with _Monkey(interface, implementedBy=_implementedBy):
            self.assertFalse(sb.implementedBy(object()))


class SpecificationBaseTests(GenericSpecificationBaseTests,
                             OptimizationTestMixin):
    # Tests that use the C implementation

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import SpecificationBase
        return SpecificationBase

class SpecificationBasePyTests(GenericSpecificationBaseTests):
    # Tests that only work with the Python implementation

    def test___call___miss(self):
        sb = self._makeOne()
        sb._implied = {}  # not defined by SpecificationBasePy
        self.assertFalse(sb.isOrExtends(object()))

    def test___call___hit(self):
        sb = self._makeOne()
        testing = object()
        sb._implied = {testing: {}}  # not defined by SpecificationBasePy
        self.assertTrue(sb(testing))

    def test_isOrExtends_miss(self):
        sb = self._makeOne()
        sb._implied = {}  # not defined by SpecificationBasePy
        self.assertFalse(sb.isOrExtends(object()))

    def test_isOrExtends_hit(self):
        sb = self._makeOne()
        testing = object()
        sb._implied = {testing: {}}  # not defined by SpecificationBasePy
        self.assertTrue(sb(testing))

    def test_implementedBy_hit(self):
        from zope.interface import interface
        sb = self._makeOne()
        class _Decl:
            _implied = {sb: {},}
        def _implementedBy(obj):
            return _Decl()
        with _Monkey(interface, implementedBy=_implementedBy):
            self.assertTrue(sb.implementedBy(object()))

    def test_providedBy_hit(self):
        from zope.interface import interface
        sb = self._makeOne()
        class _Decl:
            _implied = {sb: {},}
        def _providedBy(obj):
            return _Decl()
        with _Monkey(interface, providedBy=_providedBy):
            self.assertTrue(sb.providedBy(object()))


class NameAndModuleComparisonTestsMixin(CleanUp):

    def _makeOneToCompare(self):
        return self._makeOne('a', 'b')

    def __check_NotImplemented_comparison(self, name):
        # Without the correct attributes of __name__ and __module__,
        # comparison switches to the reverse direction.

        import operator
        ib = self._makeOneToCompare()
        op = getattr(operator, name)
        meth = getattr(ib, '__%s__' % name)

        # If either the __name__ or __module__ attribute
        # is missing from the other object, then we return
        # NotImplemented.
        class RaisesErrorOnMissing:
            Exc = AttributeError
            def __getattribute__(self, name):
                try:
                    return object.__getattribute__(self, name)
                except AttributeError:
                    exc = RaisesErrorOnMissing.Exc
                    raise exc(name)

        class RaisesErrorOnModule(RaisesErrorOnMissing):
            def __init__(self):
                self.__name__ = 'foo'
            @property
            def __module__(self):
                raise AttributeError

        class RaisesErrorOnName(RaisesErrorOnMissing):
            def __init__(self):
                self.__module__ = 'foo'

        self.assertEqual(RaisesErrorOnModule().__name__, 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(RaisesErrorOnName().__module__, 'foo')
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            getattr(RaisesErrorOnModule(), '__module__')
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            getattr(RaisesErrorOnName(), '__name__')

        for cls in RaisesErrorOnModule, RaisesErrorOnName:
            self.assertIs(meth(cls()), NotImplemented)

        # If the other object has a comparison function, returning
        # NotImplemented means Python calls it.

        class AllowsAnyComparison(RaisesErrorOnMissing):
            def __eq__(self, other):
                return True
            __lt__ = __eq__
            __le__ = __eq__
            __gt__ = __eq__
            __ge__ = __eq__
            __ne__ = __eq__

        self.assertTrue(op(ib, AllowsAnyComparison()))
        self.assertIs(meth(AllowsAnyComparison()), NotImplemented)

        # If it doesn't have the comparison, Python raises a TypeError.
        class AllowsNoComparison:
            __eq__ = None
            __lt__ = __eq__
            __le__ = __eq__
            __gt__ = __eq__
            __ge__ = __eq__
            __ne__ = __eq__

        self.assertIs(meth(AllowsNoComparison()), NotImplemented)
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            op(ib, AllowsNoComparison())

        # Errors besides AttributeError are passed
        class MyException(Exception):
            pass

        RaisesErrorOnMissing.Exc = MyException

        with self.assertRaises(MyException):
            getattr(RaisesErrorOnModule(), '__module__')
        with self.assertRaises(MyException):
            getattr(RaisesErrorOnName(), '__name__')

        for cls in RaisesErrorOnModule, RaisesErrorOnName:
            with self.assertRaises(MyException):
                op(ib, cls())
            with self.assertRaises(MyException):
                meth(cls())

    def test__lt__NotImplemented(self):
        self.__check_NotImplemented_comparison('lt')

    def test__le__NotImplemented(self):
        self.__check_NotImplemented_comparison('le')

    def test__gt__NotImplemented(self):
        self.__check_NotImplemented_comparison('gt')

    def test__ge__NotImplemented(self):
        self.__check_NotImplemented_comparison('ge')


class InterfaceBaseTestsMixin(NameAndModuleComparisonTestsMixin):
    # Tests for both C and Python implementation

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def _getFallbackClass(self):
        # pylint:disable=no-name-in-module
        from zope.interface.interface import InterfaceBasePy
        return InterfaceBasePy

    def _makeOne(self, object_should_provide=False, name=None, module=None):
        class IB(self._getTargetClass()):
            def _call_conform(self, conform):
                return conform(self)
            def providedBy(self, obj):
                return object_should_provide
        return IB(name, module)

    def test___call___w___conform___returning_value(self):
        ib = self._makeOne(False)
        conformed = object()
        class _Adapted:
            def __conform__(self, iface):
                return conformed
        self.assertIs(ib(_Adapted()), conformed)

    def test___call___wo___conform___ob_no_provides_w_alternate(self):
        ib = self._makeOne(False)
        __traceback_info__ = ib, self._getTargetClass()
        adapted = object()
        alternate = object()
        self.assertIs(ib(adapted, alternate), alternate)

    def test___call___w___conform___ob_no_provides_wo_alternate(self):
        ib = self._makeOne(False)
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as exc:
            ib(object())

        self.assertIn('Could not adapt', str(exc.exception))

    def test___call___w_no_conform_catches_only_AttributeError(self):
        MissingSomeAttrs.test_raises(self, self._makeOne(), expected_missing='__conform__')


class InterfaceBaseTests(InterfaceBaseTestsMixin,
                         OptimizationTestMixin,
                         unittest.TestCase):
    # Tests that work with the C implementation
    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import InterfaceBase
        return InterfaceBase


class InterfaceBasePyTests(InterfaceBaseTestsMixin, unittest.TestCase):
    # Tests that only work with the Python implementation

    _getTargetClass = InterfaceBaseTestsMixin._getFallbackClass

    def test___call___w___conform___miss_ob_provides(self):
        ib = self._makeOne(True)
        class _Adapted:
            def __conform__(self, iface):
                return None
        adapted = _Adapted()
        self.assertIs(ib(adapted), adapted)

    def test___adapt___ob_provides(self):
        ib = self._makeOne(True)
        adapted = object()
        self.assertIs(ib.__adapt__(adapted), adapted)

    def test___adapt___ob_no_provides_uses_hooks(self):
        from zope.interface import interface
        ib = self._makeOne(False)
        adapted = object()
        _missed = []
        def _hook_miss(iface, obj):
            _missed.append((iface, obj))
        def _hook_hit(iface, obj):
            return obj
        with _Monkey(interface, adapter_hooks=[_hook_miss, _hook_hit]):
            self.assertIs(ib.__adapt__(adapted), adapted)
            self.assertEqual(_missed, [(ib, adapted)])

class SpecificationTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Specification
        return Specification

    def _makeOne(self, bases=_marker):
        if bases is _marker:
            return self._getTargetClass()()
        return self._getTargetClass()(bases)

    def test_ctor(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        spec = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(spec.__bases__, ())
        self.assertEqual(len(spec._implied), 2)
        self.assertTrue(spec in spec._implied)
        self.assertTrue(Interface in spec._implied)
        self.assertEqual(len(spec.dependents), 0)

    def test_subscribe_first_time(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        dep = DummyDependent()
        spec.subscribe(dep)
        self.assertEqual(len(spec.dependents), 1)
        self.assertEqual(spec.dependents[dep], 1)

    def test_subscribe_again(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        dep = DummyDependent()
        spec.subscribe(dep)
        spec.subscribe(dep)
        self.assertEqual(spec.dependents[dep], 2)

    def test_unsubscribe_miss(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        dep = DummyDependent()
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, spec.unsubscribe, dep)

    def test_unsubscribe(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        dep = DummyDependent()
        spec.subscribe(dep)
        spec.subscribe(dep)
        spec.unsubscribe(dep)
        self.assertEqual(spec.dependents[dep], 1)
        spec.unsubscribe(dep)
        self.assertFalse(dep in spec.dependents)

    def test___setBases_subscribes_bases_and_notifies_dependents(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        spec = self._makeOne()
        dep = DummyDependent()
        spec.subscribe(dep)
        class I(Interface):
            pass
        class J(Interface):
            pass
        spec.__bases__ = (I,)
        self.assertEqual(dep._changed, [spec])
        self.assertEqual(I.dependents[spec], 1)
        spec.__bases__ = (J,)
        self.assertEqual(I.dependents.get(spec), None)
        self.assertEqual(J.dependents[spec], 1)

    def test_changed_clears_volatiles_and_implied(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        class I(Interface):
            pass
        spec = self._makeOne()
        spec._v_attrs = 'Foo'
        spec._implied[I] = ()
        spec.changed(spec)
        self.assertIsNone(spec._v_attrs)
        self.assertFalse(I in spec._implied)

    def test_interfaces_skips_already_seen(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        class IFoo(Interface):
            pass
        spec = self._makeOne([IFoo, IFoo])
        self.assertEqual(list(spec.interfaces()), [IFoo])

    def test_extends_strict_wo_self(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        class IFoo(Interface):
            pass
        spec = self._makeOne(IFoo)
        self.assertFalse(spec.extends(IFoo, strict=True))

    def test_extends_strict_w_self(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        self.assertFalse(spec.extends(spec, strict=True))

    def test_extends_non_strict_w_self(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        self.assertTrue(spec.extends(spec, strict=False))

    def test_get_hit_w__v_attrs(self):
        spec = self._makeOne()
        foo = object()
        spec._v_attrs = {'foo': foo}
        self.assertTrue(spec.get('foo') is foo)

    def test_get_hit_from_base_wo__v_attrs(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        class IFoo(Interface):
            foo = Attribute('foo')
        class IBar(Interface):
            bar = Attribute('bar')
        spec = self._makeOne([IFoo, IBar])
        self.assertTrue(spec.get('foo') is IFoo.get('foo'))
        self.assertTrue(spec.get('bar') is IBar.get('bar'))

    def test_multiple_inheritance_no_interfaces(self):
        # If we extend an object that implements interfaces,
        # plus one that doesn't, we do not interject `Interface`
        # early in the resolution order. It stays at the end,
        # like it should.
        # See https://github.com/zopefoundation/zope.interface/issues/8
        from zope.interface.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface.declarations import implementer
        from zope.interface.declarations import implementedBy

        class IDefaultViewName(Interface):
            pass

        class Context:
            pass

        class RDBModel(Context):
            pass

        class IOther(Interface):
            pass

        @implementer(IOther)
        class OtherBase:
            pass

        class Model(OtherBase, Context):
            pass

        self.assertEqual(
            implementedBy(Model).__sro__,
            (
                implementedBy(Model),
                implementedBy(OtherBase),
                IOther,
                implementedBy(Context),
                implementedBy(object),
                Interface, # This used to be wrong, it used to be 2 too high.
            )
        )


class InterfaceClassTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import InterfaceClass
        return InterfaceClass

    def _makeOne(self, name='ITest', bases=(), attrs=None, __doc__=None,
                 __module__=None):
        return self._getTargetClass()(name, bases, attrs, __doc__, __module__)

    def test_ctor_defaults(self):
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        inst = klass('ITesting')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__name__, 'ITesting')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__doc__, '')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__bases__, ())
        self.assertEqual(inst.getBases(), ())

    def test_ctor_bad_bases(self):
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, klass, 'ITesting', (object(),))

    def test_ctor_w_attrs_attrib_methods(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                 'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                }
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        inst = klass('ITesting', attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(inst.__name__, 'ITesting')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__doc__, '')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__bases__, ())
        self.assertEqual(inst.names(), ATTRS.keys())

    def test_ctor_attrs_w___locals__(self):
        ATTRS = {'__locals__': {}}
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        inst = klass('ITesting', attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(inst.__name__, 'ITesting')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__doc__, '')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__bases__, ())
        self.assertEqual(list(inst.names()), [])

    def test_ctor_attrs_w___annotations__(self):
        ATTRS = {'__annotations__': {}}
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        inst = klass('ITesting', attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(inst.__name__, 'ITesting')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__doc__, '')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__bases__, ())
        self.assertEqual(list(inst.names()), [])

    def test_ctor_attrs_w__decorator_non_return(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import _decorator_non_return
        ATTRS = {'dropme': _decorator_non_return}
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        inst = klass('ITesting', attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(inst.__name__, 'ITesting')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__doc__, '')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__bases__, ())
        self.assertEqual(list(inst.names()), [])

    def test_ctor_attrs_w_invalid_attr_type(self):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import InvalidInterface
        ATTRS = {'invalid': object()}
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        self.assertRaises(InvalidInterface, klass, 'ITesting', attrs=ATTRS)

    def test_ctor_w_explicit___doc__(self):
        ATTRS = {'__doc__': 'ATTR'}
        klass = self._getTargetClass()
        inst = klass('ITesting', attrs=ATTRS, __doc__='EXPLICIT')
        self.assertEqual(inst.__doc__, 'EXPLICIT')

    def test_interfaces(self):
        iface = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(list(iface.interfaces()), [iface])

    def test_getBases(self):
        iface = self._makeOne()
        sub = self._makeOne('ISub', bases=(iface,))
        self.assertEqual(sub.getBases(), (iface,))

    def test_isEqualOrExtendedBy_identity(self):
        iface = self._makeOne()
        self.assertTrue(iface.isEqualOrExtendedBy(iface))

    def test_isEqualOrExtendedBy_subiface(self):
        iface = self._makeOne()
        sub = self._makeOne('ISub', bases=(iface,))
        self.assertTrue(iface.isEqualOrExtendedBy(sub))
        self.assertFalse(sub.isEqualOrExtendedBy(iface))

    def test_isEqualOrExtendedBy_unrelated(self):
        one = self._makeOne('One')
        another = self._makeOne('Another')
        self.assertFalse(one.isEqualOrExtendedBy(another))
        self.assertFalse(another.isEqualOrExtendedBy(one))

    def test_names_w_all_False_ignores_bases(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived.names(all=False)), ['baz'])

    def test_names_w_all_True_no_bases(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                 'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                }
        one = self._makeOne(attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(one.names(all=True)), ['bar', 'foo'])

    def test_names_w_all_True_w_bases_simple(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived.names(all=True)), ['bar', 'baz', 'foo'])

    def test_names_w_all_True_bases_w_same_names(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        def _foo():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'foo': fromFunction(_foo),
                         'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived.names(all=True)), ['bar', 'baz', 'foo'])

    def test___iter__(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        def _foo():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'foo': fromFunction(_foo),
                         'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived), ['bar', 'baz', 'foo'])

    def test_namesAndDescriptions_w_all_False_ignores_bases(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived.namesAndDescriptions(all=False)),
                         [('baz', DERIVED_ATTRS['baz']),
                         ])

    def test_namesAndDescriptions_w_all_True_no_bases(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                 'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                }
        one = self._makeOne(attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(one.namesAndDescriptions(all=False)),
                         [('bar', ATTRS['bar']),
                          ('foo', ATTRS['foo']),
                         ])

    def test_namesAndDescriptions_w_all_True_simple(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived.namesAndDescriptions(all=True)),
                         [('bar', BASE_ATTRS['bar']),
                          ('baz', DERIVED_ATTRS['baz']),
                          ('foo', BASE_ATTRS['foo']),
                         ])

    def test_namesAndDescriptions_w_all_True_bases_w_same_names(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        def _foo():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'foo': fromFunction(_foo),
                         'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(sorted(derived.namesAndDescriptions(all=True)),
                         [('bar', BASE_ATTRS['bar']),
                          ('baz', DERIVED_ATTRS['baz']),
                          ('foo', DERIVED_ATTRS['foo']),
                         ])

    def test_getDescriptionFor_miss(self):
        one = self._makeOne()
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, one.getDescriptionFor, 'nonesuch')

    def test_getDescriptionFor_hit(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                 'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                }
        one = self._makeOne(attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(one.getDescriptionFor('foo'), ATTRS['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(one.getDescriptionFor('bar'), ATTRS['bar'])

    def test___getitem___miss(self):
        one = self._makeOne()
        def _test():
            return one['nonesuch']
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, _test)

    def test___getitem___hit(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                 'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                }
        one = self._makeOne(attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(one['foo'], ATTRS['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(one['bar'], ATTRS['bar'])

    def test___contains___miss(self):
        one = self._makeOne()
        self.assertFalse('nonesuch' in one)

    def test___contains___hit(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                 'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                }
        one = self._makeOne(attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertTrue('foo' in one)
        self.assertTrue('bar' in one)

    def test_direct_miss(self):
        one = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(one.direct('nonesuch'), None)

    def test_direct_hit_local_miss_bases(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        def _bar():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        def _foo():
            """DOCSTRING"""
        BASE_ATTRS = {'foo': Attribute('Foo', ''),
                      'bar': fromFunction(_bar),
                     }
        DERIVED_ATTRS = {'foo': fromFunction(_foo),
                         'baz': Attribute('Baz', ''),
                        }
        base = self._makeOne('IBase', attrs=BASE_ATTRS)
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', bases=(base,), attrs=DERIVED_ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(derived.direct('foo'), DERIVED_ATTRS['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(derived.direct('baz'), DERIVED_ATTRS['baz'])
        self.assertEqual(derived.direct('bar'), None)

    def test_queryDescriptionFor_miss(self):
        iface = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(iface.queryDescriptionFor('nonesuch'), None)

    def test_queryDescriptionFor_hit(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        ATTRS = {'attr': Attribute('Title', 'Description')}
        iface = self._makeOne(attrs=ATTRS)
        self.assertEqual(iface.queryDescriptionFor('attr'), ATTRS['attr'])

    def test_validateInvariants_pass(self):
        _called_with = []
        def _passable(*args, **kw):
            _called_with.append((args, kw))
            return True
        iface = self._makeOne()
        obj = object()
        iface.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_passable])
        self.assertEqual(iface.validateInvariants(obj), None)
        self.assertEqual(_called_with, [((obj,), {})])

    def test_validateInvariants_fail_wo_errors_passed(self):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
        _passable_called_with = []
        def _passable(*args, **kw):
            _passable_called_with.append((args, kw))
            return True
        _fail_called_with = []
        def _fail(*args, **kw):
            _fail_called_with.append((args, kw))
            raise Invalid
        iface = self._makeOne()
        obj = object()
        iface.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_passable, _fail])
        self.assertRaises(Invalid, iface.validateInvariants, obj)
        self.assertEqual(_passable_called_with, [((obj,), {})])
        self.assertEqual(_fail_called_with, [((obj,), {})])

    def test_validateInvariants_fail_w_errors_passed(self):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
        _errors = []
        _fail_called_with = []
        def _fail(*args, **kw):
            _fail_called_with.append((args, kw))
            raise Invalid
        iface = self._makeOne()
        obj = object()
        iface.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_fail])
        self.assertRaises(Invalid, iface.validateInvariants, obj, _errors)
        self.assertEqual(_fail_called_with, [((obj,), {})])
        self.assertEqual(len(_errors), 1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(_errors[0], Invalid))

    def test_validateInvariants_fail_in_base_wo_errors_passed(self):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
        _passable_called_with = []
        def _passable(*args, **kw):
            _passable_called_with.append((args, kw))
            return True
        _fail_called_with = []
        def _fail(*args, **kw):
            _fail_called_with.append((args, kw))
            raise Invalid
        base = self._makeOne('IBase')
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', (base,))
        obj = object()
        base.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_fail])
        derived.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_passable])
        self.assertRaises(Invalid, derived.validateInvariants, obj)
        self.assertEqual(_passable_called_with, [((obj,), {})])
        self.assertEqual(_fail_called_with, [((obj,), {})])

    def test_validateInvariants_fail_in_base_w_errors_passed(self):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
        _errors = []
        _passable_called_with = []
        def _passable(*args, **kw):
            _passable_called_with.append((args, kw))
            return True
        _fail_called_with = []
        def _fail(*args, **kw):
            _fail_called_with.append((args, kw))
            raise Invalid
        base = self._makeOne('IBase')
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', (base,))
        obj = object()
        base.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_fail])
        derived.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_passable])
        self.assertRaises(Invalid, derived.validateInvariants, obj, _errors)
        self.assertEqual(_passable_called_with, [((obj,), {})])
        self.assertEqual(_fail_called_with, [((obj,), {})])
        self.assertEqual(len(_errors), 1)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(_errors[0], Invalid))

    def test_validateInvariants_inherited_not_called_multiple_times(self):
        _passable_called_with = []

        def _passable(*args, **kw):
            _passable_called_with.append((args, kw))
            return True

        obj = object()
        base = self._makeOne('IBase')
        base.setTaggedValue('invariants', [_passable])
        derived = self._makeOne('IDerived', (base,))
        derived.validateInvariants(obj)
        self.assertEqual(1, len(_passable_called_with))

    def test___reduce__(self):
        iface = self._makeOne('PickleMe')
        self.assertEqual(iface.__reduce__(), 'PickleMe')

    def test___hash___normal(self):
        iface = self._makeOne('HashMe')
        self.assertEqual(hash(iface),
                         hash(('HashMe',
                                'zope.interface.tests.test_interface')))

    def test___hash___missing_required_attrs(self):
        class Derived(self._getTargetClass()):
            def __init__(self): # pylint:disable=super-init-not-called
                pass # Don't call base class.
        derived = Derived()
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            hash(derived)

    def test_comparison_with_None(self):
        # pylint:disable=singleton-comparison,misplaced-comparison-constant
        iface = self._makeOne()
        self.assertTrue(iface < None)
        self.assertTrue(iface <= None)
        self.assertFalse(iface == None)
        self.assertTrue(iface != None)
        self.assertFalse(iface >= None)
        self.assertFalse(iface > None)

        self.assertFalse(None < iface)
        self.assertFalse(None <= iface)
        self.assertFalse(None == iface)
        self.assertTrue(None != iface)
        self.assertTrue(None >= iface)
        self.assertTrue(None > iface)

    def test_comparison_with_same_instance(self):
        # pylint:disable=comparison-with-itself
        iface = self._makeOne()

        self.assertFalse(iface < iface)
        self.assertTrue(iface <= iface)
        self.assertTrue(iface == iface)
        self.assertFalse(iface != iface)
        self.assertTrue(iface >= iface)
        self.assertFalse(iface > iface)

    def test_comparison_with_same_named_instance_in_other_module(self):

        one = self._makeOne('IName', __module__='zope.interface.tests.one')
        other = self._makeOne('IName', __module__='zope.interface.tests.other')

        self.assertTrue(one < other)
        self.assertFalse(other < one)
        self.assertTrue(one <= other)
        self.assertFalse(other <= one)
        self.assertFalse(one == other)
        self.assertFalse(other == one)
        self.assertTrue(one != other)
        self.assertTrue(other != one)
        self.assertFalse(one >= other)
        self.assertTrue(other >= one)
        self.assertFalse(one > other)
        self.assertTrue(other > one)

    def test_assignment_to__class__(self):
        # https://github.com/zopefoundation/zope.interface/issues/6
        class MyException(Exception):
            pass

        class MyInterfaceClass(self._getTargetClass()):
            def __call__(self, target):
                raise MyException(target)

        IFoo = self._makeOne('IName')
        self.assertIsInstance(IFoo, self._getTargetClass())
        self.assertIs(type(IFoo), self._getTargetClass())

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            IFoo(1)

        IFoo.__class__ = MyInterfaceClass
        self.assertIsInstance(IFoo, MyInterfaceClass)
        self.assertIs(type(IFoo), MyInterfaceClass)

        with self.assertRaises(MyException):
            IFoo(1)

    def test_assignment_to__class__2(self):
        # https://github.com/zopefoundation/zope.interface/issues/6
        # This is essentially a transcription of the
        # test presented in the bug report.
        from zope.interface import Interface
        class MyInterfaceClass(self._getTargetClass()):
            def __call__(self, *args):
                return args

        IFoo = MyInterfaceClass('IFoo', (Interface,))
        self.assertEqual(IFoo(1), (1,))

        class IBar(IFoo):
            pass

        self.assertEqual(IBar(1), (1,))

        class ISpam(Interface):
            pass

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            ISpam()

        ISpam.__class__ = MyInterfaceClass
        self.assertEqual(ISpam(1), (1,))

    def test__module__is_readonly(self):
        inst = self._makeOne()
        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            inst.__module__ = 'different.module'


class InterfaceTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_attributes_link_to_interface(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import Attribute

        class I1(Interface):
            attr = Attribute("My attr")

        self.assertTrue(I1['attr'].interface is I1)

    def test_methods_link_to_interface(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class I1(Interface):

            def method(foo, bar, bingo):
                "A method"

        self.assertTrue(I1['method'].interface is I1)

    def test_classImplements_simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementedBy
        from zope.interface import providedBy

        class ICurrent(Interface):
            def method1(a, b):
                """docstring"""
            def method2(a, b):
                """docstring"""

        class IOther(Interface):
            pass

        class Current:
            __implemented__ = ICurrent
            def method1(self, a, b):
                raise NotImplementedError()
            def method2(self, a, b):
                raise NotImplementedError()

        current = Current()

        self.assertTrue(ICurrent.implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertFalse(IOther.implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertEqual(ICurrent, ICurrent)
        self.assertTrue(ICurrent in implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertFalse(IOther in implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertTrue(ICurrent in providedBy(current))
        self.assertFalse(IOther in providedBy(current))

    def test_classImplements_base_not_derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementedBy
        from zope.interface import providedBy
        class IBase(Interface):
            def method():
                """docstring"""
        class IDerived(IBase):
            pass
        class Current():
            __implemented__ = IBase
            def method(self):
                raise NotImplementedError()
        current = Current()

        self.assertTrue(IBase.implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertFalse(IDerived.implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertTrue(IBase in implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertFalse(IDerived in implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertTrue(IBase in providedBy(current))
        self.assertFalse(IDerived in providedBy(current))

    def test_classImplements_base_and_derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementedBy
        from zope.interface import providedBy

        class IBase(Interface):
            def method():
                """docstring"""

        class IDerived(IBase):
            pass

        class Current:
            __implemented__ = IDerived
            def method(self):
                raise NotImplementedError()

        current = Current()

        self.assertTrue(IBase.implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertTrue(IDerived.implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertFalse(IBase in implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertTrue(IBase in implementedBy(Current).flattened())
        self.assertTrue(IDerived in implementedBy(Current))
        self.assertFalse(IBase in providedBy(current))
        self.assertTrue(IBase in providedBy(current).flattened())
        self.assertTrue(IDerived in providedBy(current))

    def test_classImplements_multiple(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementedBy
        from zope.interface import providedBy

        class ILeft(Interface):
            def method():
                """docstring"""

        class IRight(ILeft):
            pass

        class Left:
            __implemented__ = ILeft

            def method(self):
                raise NotImplementedError()

        class Right:
            __implemented__ = IRight

        class Ambi(Left, Right):
            pass

        ambi = Ambi()

        self.assertTrue(ILeft.implementedBy(Ambi))
        self.assertTrue(IRight.implementedBy(Ambi))
        self.assertTrue(ILeft in implementedBy(Ambi))
        self.assertTrue(IRight in implementedBy(Ambi))
        self.assertTrue(ILeft in providedBy(ambi))
        self.assertTrue(IRight in providedBy(ambi))

    def test_classImplements_multiple_w_explict_implements(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementedBy
        from zope.interface import providedBy

        class ILeft(Interface):

            def method():
                """docstring"""

        class IRight(ILeft):
            pass

        class IOther(Interface):
            pass

        class Left():
            __implemented__ = ILeft

            def method(self):
                raise NotImplementedError()

        class Right:
            __implemented__ = IRight

        class Other:
            __implemented__ = IOther

        class Mixed(Left, Right):
            __implemented__ = Left.__implemented__, Other.__implemented__

        mixed = Mixed()

        self.assertTrue(ILeft.implementedBy(Mixed))
        self.assertFalse(IRight.implementedBy(Mixed))
        self.assertTrue(IOther.implementedBy(Mixed))
        self.assertTrue(ILeft in implementedBy(Mixed))
        self.assertFalse(IRight in implementedBy(Mixed))
        self.assertTrue(IOther in implementedBy(Mixed))
        self.assertTrue(ILeft in providedBy(mixed))
        self.assertFalse(IRight in providedBy(mixed))
        self.assertTrue(IOther in providedBy(mixed))

    def testInterfaceExtendsInterface(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        new = Interface.__class__
        FunInterface = new('FunInterface')
        BarInterface = new('BarInterface', (FunInterface,))
        BobInterface = new('BobInterface')
        BazInterface = new('BazInterface', (BobInterface, BarInterface,))

        self.assertTrue(BazInterface.extends(BobInterface))
        self.assertTrue(BazInterface.extends(BarInterface))
        self.assertTrue(BazInterface.extends(FunInterface))
        self.assertFalse(BobInterface.extends(FunInterface))
        self.assertFalse(BobInterface.extends(BarInterface))
        self.assertTrue(BarInterface.extends(FunInterface))
        self.assertFalse(BarInterface.extends(BazInterface))

    def test_verifyClass(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface.verify import verifyClass


        class ICheckMe(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "A method"

        class CheckMe:
            __implemented__ = ICheckMe
            attr = 'value'

            def method(self):
                raise NotImplementedError()

        self.assertTrue(verifyClass(ICheckMe, CheckMe))

    def test_verifyObject(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface.verify import verifyObject


        class ICheckMe(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "A method"

        class CheckMe:
            __implemented__ = ICheckMe
            attr = 'value'

            def method(self):
                raise NotImplementedError()

        check_me = CheckMe()

        self.assertTrue(verifyObject(ICheckMe, check_me))

    def test_interface_object_provides_Interface(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class AnInterface(Interface):
            pass

        self.assertTrue(Interface.providedBy(AnInterface))

    def test_names_simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class ISimple(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                """docstring"""

        self.assertEqual(sorted(ISimple.names()), ['attr', 'method'])

    def test_names_derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class IBase(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                """docstring"""

        class IDerived(IBase):
            attr2 = Attribute('My attr2')

            def method():
                """docstring"""

            def method2():
                """docstring"""

        self.assertEqual(sorted(IDerived.names()),
                         ['attr2', 'method', 'method2'])
        self.assertEqual(sorted(IDerived.names(all=True)),
                         ['attr', 'attr2', 'method', 'method2'])

    def test_namesAndDescriptions_simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import Method
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class ISimple(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        name_values = sorted(ISimple.namesAndDescriptions())

        self.assertEqual(len(name_values), 2)
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][0], 'attr')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[0][1], Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][1].__name__, 'attr')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][1].__doc__, 'My attr')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][0], 'method')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[1][1], Method))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][1].__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][1].__doc__, 'My method')

    def test_namesAndDescriptions_derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface.interface import Method


        class IBase(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        class IDerived(IBase):
            attr2 = Attribute('My attr2')

            def method():
                "My method, overridden"

            def method2():
                "My method2"

        name_values = sorted(IDerived.namesAndDescriptions())

        self.assertEqual(len(name_values), 3)
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][0], 'attr2')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[0][1], Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][1].__name__, 'attr2')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][1].__doc__, 'My attr2')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][0], 'method')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[1][1], Method))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][1].__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][1].__doc__, 'My method, overridden')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[2][0], 'method2')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[2][1], Method))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[2][1].__name__, 'method2')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[2][1].__doc__, 'My method2')

        name_values = sorted(IDerived.namesAndDescriptions(all=True))

        self.assertEqual(len(name_values), 4)
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][0], 'attr')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[0][1], Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][1].__name__, 'attr')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[0][1].__doc__, 'My attr')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][0], 'attr2')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[1][1], Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][1].__name__, 'attr2')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[1][1].__doc__, 'My attr2')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[2][0], 'method')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[2][1], Method))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[2][1].__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[2][1].__doc__, 'My method, overridden')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[3][0], 'method2')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(name_values[3][1], Method))
        self.assertEqual(name_values[3][1].__name__, 'method2')
        self.assertEqual(name_values[3][1].__doc__, 'My method2')

    def test_getDescriptionFor_nonesuch_no_default(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class IEmpty(Interface):
            pass

        self.assertRaises(KeyError, IEmpty.getDescriptionFor, 'nonesuch')

    def test_getDescriptionFor_simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import Method
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class ISimple(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        a_desc = ISimple.getDescriptionFor('attr')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a_desc, Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__name__, 'attr')
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__doc__, 'My attr')

        m_desc = ISimple.getDescriptionFor('method')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(m_desc, Method))
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__doc__, 'My method')

    def test_getDescriptionFor_derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import Method
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class IBase(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        class IDerived(IBase):
            attr2 = Attribute('My attr2')

            def method():
                "My method, overridden"

            def method2():
                "My method2"

        a_desc = IDerived.getDescriptionFor('attr')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a_desc, Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__name__, 'attr')
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__doc__, 'My attr')

        m_desc = IDerived.getDescriptionFor('method')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(m_desc, Method))
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__doc__, 'My method, overridden')

        a2_desc = IDerived.getDescriptionFor('attr2')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a2_desc, Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(a2_desc.__name__, 'attr2')
        self.assertEqual(a2_desc.__doc__, 'My attr2')

        m2_desc = IDerived.getDescriptionFor('method2')
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(m2_desc, Method))
        self.assertEqual(m2_desc.__name__, 'method2')
        self.assertEqual(m2_desc.__doc__, 'My method2')

    def test___getitem__nonesuch(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class IEmpty(Interface):
            pass

        self.assertRaises(KeyError, IEmpty.__getitem__, 'nonesuch')

    def test___getitem__simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import Method
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class ISimple(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        a_desc = ISimple['attr']
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a_desc, Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__name__, 'attr')
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__doc__, 'My attr')

        m_desc = ISimple['method']
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(m_desc, Method))
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__doc__, 'My method')

    def test___getitem___derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface.interface import Method
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class IBase(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        class IDerived(IBase):
            attr2 = Attribute('My attr2')

            def method():
                "My method, overridden"

            def method2():
                "My method2"

        a_desc = IDerived['attr']
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a_desc, Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__name__, 'attr')
        self.assertEqual(a_desc.__doc__, 'My attr')

        m_desc = IDerived['method']
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(m_desc, Method))
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__name__, 'method')
        self.assertEqual(m_desc.__doc__, 'My method, overridden')

        a2_desc = IDerived['attr2']
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(a2_desc, Attribute))
        self.assertEqual(a2_desc.__name__, 'attr2')
        self.assertEqual(a2_desc.__doc__, 'My attr2')

        m2_desc = IDerived['method2']
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(m2_desc, Method))
        self.assertEqual(m2_desc.__name__, 'method2')
        self.assertEqual(m2_desc.__doc__, 'My method2')

    def test___contains__nonesuch(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class IEmpty(Interface):
            pass

        self.assertFalse('nonesuch' in IEmpty)

    def test___contains__simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class ISimple(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        self.assertTrue('attr' in ISimple)
        self.assertTrue('method' in ISimple)

    def test___contains__derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class IBase(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        class IDerived(IBase):
            attr2 = Attribute('My attr2')

            def method():
                "My method, overridden"

            def method2():
                "My method2"

        self.assertTrue('attr' in IDerived)
        self.assertTrue('method' in IDerived)
        self.assertTrue('attr2' in IDerived)
        self.assertTrue('method2' in IDerived)

    def test___iter__empty(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class IEmpty(Interface):
            pass

        self.assertEqual(list(IEmpty), [])

    def test___iter__simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class ISimple(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        self.assertEqual(sorted(list(ISimple)), ['attr', 'method'])

    def test___iter__derived(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface


        class IBase(Interface):
            attr = Attribute('My attr')

            def method():
                "My method"

        class IDerived(IBase):
            attr2 = Attribute('My attr2')

            def method():
                "My method, overridden"

            def method2():
                "My method2"

        self.assertEqual(sorted(list(IDerived)),
                         ['attr', 'attr2', 'method', 'method2'])

    def test_function_attributes_become_tagged_values(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class ITagMe(Interface):
            def method():
                """docstring"""
            method.optional = 1

        method = ITagMe['method']
        self.assertEqual(method.getTaggedValue('optional'), 1)

    def test___doc___non_element(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class IHaveADocString(Interface):
            "xxx"

        self.assertEqual(IHaveADocString.__doc__, "xxx")
        self.assertEqual(list(IHaveADocString), [])

    def test___doc___as_element(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class IHaveADocString(Interface):
            "xxx"
            __doc__ = Attribute('the doc')

        self.assertEqual(IHaveADocString.__doc__, "")
        self.assertEqual(list(IHaveADocString), ['__doc__'])

    def _errorsEqual(self, has_invariant, error_len, error_msgs, iface):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
        self.assertRaises(Invalid, iface.validateInvariants, has_invariant)
        e = []
        try:
            iface.validateInvariants(has_invariant, e)
            self.fail("validateInvariants should always raise")
        except Invalid as error:
            self.assertEqual(error.args[0], e)

        self.assertEqual(len(e), error_len)
        msgs = [error.args[0] for error in e]
        msgs.sort()
        for msg in msgs:
            self.assertEqual(msg, error_msgs.pop(0))

    def test_invariant_simple(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import directlyProvides
        from zope.interface import invariant

        class IInvariant(Interface):
            foo = Attribute('foo')
            bar = Attribute('bar; must eval to Boolean True if foo does')
            invariant(_ifFooThenBar)

        class HasInvariant:
            pass

        # set up
        has_invariant = HasInvariant()
        directlyProvides(has_invariant, IInvariant)

        # the tests
        self.assertEqual(IInvariant.getTaggedValue('invariants'),
                         [_ifFooThenBar])
        self.assertEqual(IInvariant.validateInvariants(has_invariant), None)
        has_invariant.bar = 27
        self.assertEqual(IInvariant.validateInvariants(has_invariant), None)
        has_invariant.foo = 42
        self.assertEqual(IInvariant.validateInvariants(has_invariant), None)
        del has_invariant.bar
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 1, ['If Foo, then Bar!'],
                          IInvariant)

    def test_invariant_nested(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import directlyProvides
        from zope.interface import invariant

        class IInvariant(Interface):
            foo = Attribute('foo')
            bar = Attribute('bar; must eval to Boolean True if foo does')
            invariant(_ifFooThenBar)

        class ISubInvariant(IInvariant):
            invariant(_barGreaterThanFoo)

        class HasInvariant:
            pass

        # nested interfaces with invariants:
        self.assertEqual(ISubInvariant.getTaggedValue('invariants'),
                         [_barGreaterThanFoo])
        has_invariant = HasInvariant()
        directlyProvides(has_invariant, ISubInvariant)
        has_invariant.foo = 42
        # even though the interface has changed, we should still only have one
        # error.
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 1, ['If Foo, then Bar!'],
                          ISubInvariant)
        # however, if we set foo to 0 (Boolean False) and bar to a negative
        # number then we'll get the new error
        has_invariant.foo = 2
        has_invariant.bar = 1
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 1,
                          ['Please, Boo MUST be greater than Foo!'],
                          ISubInvariant)
        # and if we set foo to a positive number and boo to 0, we'll
        # get both errors!
        has_invariant.foo = 1
        has_invariant.bar = 0
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 2,
                          ['If Foo, then Bar!',
                           'Please, Boo MUST be greater than Foo!'],
                          ISubInvariant)
        # for a happy ending, we'll make the invariants happy
        has_invariant.foo = 1
        has_invariant.bar = 2
        self.assertEqual(IInvariant.validateInvariants(has_invariant), None)

    def test_invariant_mutandis(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import directlyProvides
        from zope.interface import invariant

        class IInvariant(Interface):
            foo = Attribute('foo')
            bar = Attribute('bar; must eval to Boolean True if foo does')
            invariant(_ifFooThenBar)

        class HasInvariant:
            pass

        # now we'll do two invariants on the same interface,
        # just to make sure that a small
        # multi-invariant interface is at least minimally tested.
        has_invariant = HasInvariant()
        directlyProvides(has_invariant, IInvariant)
        has_invariant.foo = 42

        # if you really need to mutate, then this would be the way to do it.
        # Probably a bad idea, though. :-)
        old_invariants = IInvariant.getTaggedValue('invariants')
        invariants = old_invariants[:]
        invariants.append(_barGreaterThanFoo)
        IInvariant.setTaggedValue('invariants', invariants)

        # even though the interface has changed, we should still only have one
        # error.
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 1, ['If Foo, then Bar!'],
                          IInvariant)
        # however, if we set foo to 0 (Boolean False) and bar to a negative
        # number then we'll get the new error
        has_invariant.foo = 2
        has_invariant.bar = 1
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 1,
                          ['Please, Boo MUST be greater than Foo!'], IInvariant)
        # and if we set foo to a positive number and boo to 0, we'll
        # get both errors!
        has_invariant.foo = 1
        has_invariant.bar = 0
        self._errorsEqual(has_invariant, 2,
                          ['If Foo, then Bar!',
                           'Please, Boo MUST be greater than Foo!'],
                          IInvariant)
        # for another happy ending, we'll make the invariants happy again
        has_invariant.foo = 1
        has_invariant.bar = 2
        self.assertEqual(IInvariant.validateInvariants(has_invariant), None)
        # clean up
        IInvariant.setTaggedValue('invariants', old_invariants)

    def test___doc___element(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        class IDocstring(Interface):
            "xxx"

        self.assertEqual(IDocstring.__doc__, "xxx")
        self.assertEqual(list(IDocstring), [])

        class IDocstringAndAttribute(Interface):
            "xxx"

            __doc__ = Attribute('the doc')

        self.assertEqual(IDocstringAndAttribute.__doc__, "")
        self.assertEqual(list(IDocstringAndAttribute), ['__doc__'])

    def test_invariant_as_decorator(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import implementer
        from zope.interface import invariant
        from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid

        class IRange(Interface):
            min = Attribute("Lower bound")
            max = Attribute("Upper bound")

            @invariant
            def range_invariant(ob):
                if ob.max < ob.min:
                    raise Invalid('max < min')

        @implementer(IRange)
        class Range:

            def __init__(self, min, max):
                self.min, self.max = min, max

        IRange.validateInvariants(Range(1, 2))
        IRange.validateInvariants(Range(1, 1))
        try:
            IRange.validateInvariants(Range(2, 1))
        except Invalid as e:
            self.assertEqual(str(e), 'max < min')

    def test_taggedValue(self):
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import taggedValue

        class ITagged(Interface):
            foo = Attribute('foo')
            bar = Attribute('bar; must eval to Boolean True if foo does')
            taggedValue('qux', 'Spam')

        class IDerived(ITagged):
            taggedValue('qux', 'Spam Spam')
            taggedValue('foo', 'bar')

        class IDerived2(IDerived):
            pass

        self.assertEqual(ITagged.getTaggedValue('qux'), 'Spam')
        self.assertRaises(KeyError, ITagged.getTaggedValue, 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(list(ITagged.getTaggedValueTags()), ['qux'])

        self.assertEqual(IDerived2.getTaggedValue('qux'), 'Spam Spam')
        self.assertEqual(IDerived2.getTaggedValue('foo'), 'bar')
        self.assertEqual(set(IDerived2.getTaggedValueTags()), {'qux', 'foo'})

    def _make_taggedValue_tree(self, base):
        from zope.interface import taggedValue
        from zope.interface import Attribute
        O = base
        class F(O):
            taggedValue('tag', 'F')
            tag = Attribute('F')
        class E(O):
            taggedValue('tag', 'E')
            tag = Attribute('E')
        class D(O):
            taggedValue('tag', 'D')
            tag = Attribute('D')
        class C(D, F):
            taggedValue('tag', 'C')
            tag = Attribute('C')
        class B(D, E):
            pass
        class A(B, C):
            pass

        return A

    def test_getTaggedValue_follows__iro__(self):
        # And not just looks at __bases__.
        # https://github.com/zopefoundation/zope.interface/issues/190
        from zope.interface import Interface

        # First, confirm that looking at a true class
        # hierarchy follows the __mro__.
        class_A = self._make_taggedValue_tree(object)
        self.assertEqual(class_A.tag.__name__, 'C')

        # Now check that Interface does, both for attributes...
        iface_A = self._make_taggedValue_tree(Interface)
        self.assertEqual(iface_A['tag'].__name__, 'C')
        # ... and for tagged values.
        self.assertEqual(iface_A.getTaggedValue('tag'), 'C')
        self.assertEqual(iface_A.queryTaggedValue('tag'), 'C')
        # Of course setting something lower overrides it.
        assert iface_A.__bases__[0].__name__ == 'B'
        iface_A.__bases__[0].setTaggedValue('tag', 'B')
        self.assertEqual(iface_A.getTaggedValue('tag'), 'B')

    def test_getDirectTaggedValue_ignores__iro__(self):
        # https://github.com/zopefoundation/zope.interface/issues/190
        from zope.interface import Interface

        A = self._make_taggedValue_tree(Interface)
        self.assertIsNone(A.queryDirectTaggedValue('tag'))
        self.assertEqual([], list(A.getDirectTaggedValueTags()))

        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
            A.getDirectTaggedValue('tag')

        A.setTaggedValue('tag', 'A')
        self.assertEqual(A.queryDirectTaggedValue('tag'), 'A')
        self.assertEqual(A.getDirectTaggedValue('tag'), 'A')
        self.assertEqual(['tag'], list(A.getDirectTaggedValueTags()))

        assert A.__bases__[1].__name__ == 'C'
        C = A.__bases__[1]
        self.assertEqual(C.queryDirectTaggedValue('tag'), 'C')
        self.assertEqual(C.getDirectTaggedValue('tag'), 'C')
        self.assertEqual(['tag'], list(C.getDirectTaggedValueTags()))

    def test_description_cache_management(self):
        # See https://bugs.launchpad.net/zope.interface/+bug/185974
        # There was a bug where the cache used by Specification.get() was not
        # cleared when the bases were changed.
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import Attribute

        class I1(Interface):
            a = Attribute('a')

        class I2(I1):
            pass

        class I3(I2):
            pass

        self.assertTrue(I3.get('a') is I1.get('a'))

        I2.__bases__ = (Interface,)
        self.assertTrue(I3.get('a') is None)

    def test___call___defers_to___conform___(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementer

        class I(Interface):
            pass

        @implementer(I)
        class C:
            def __conform__(self, proto):
                return 0

        self.assertEqual(I(C()), 0)

    def test___call___object_implements(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import implementer

        class I(Interface):
            pass

        @implementer(I)
        class C:
            pass

        c = C()
        self.assertTrue(I(c) is c)

    def test___call___miss_wo_alternate(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class I(Interface):
            pass

        class C:
            pass

        c = C()
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, I, c)

    def test___call___miss_w_alternate(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface

        class I(Interface):
            pass

        class C:
            pass

        c = C()
        self.assertTrue(I(c, self) is self)

    def test___call___w_adapter_hook(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface.interface import adapter_hooks

        def _miss(iface, obj):
            pass

        def _hit(iface, obj):
            return self

        class I(Interface):
            pass

        class C:
            pass

        c = C()

        old_adapter_hooks = adapter_hooks[:]
        adapter_hooks[:] = [_miss, _hit]
        try:
            self.assertTrue(I(c) is self)
        finally:
            adapter_hooks[:] = old_adapter_hooks

    def test___call___w_overridden_adapt(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import interfacemethod
        from zope.interface import implementer

        class I(Interface):

            @interfacemethod
            def __adapt__(self, obj):
                return 42

        @implementer(I)
        class O:
            pass

        self.assertEqual(42, I(object()))
        # __adapt__ can ignore the fact that the object provides
        # the interface if it chooses.
        self.assertEqual(42, I(O()))

    def test___call___w_overridden_adapt_and_conform(self):
        # Conform is first, taking precedence over __adapt__,
        # *if* it returns non-None
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import interfacemethod
        from zope.interface import implementer

        class IAdapt(Interface):
            @interfacemethod
            def __adapt__(self, obj):
                return 42

        class ISimple(Interface):
            """Nothing special."""

        @implementer(IAdapt)
        class Conform24:
            def __conform__(self, iface):
                return 24

        @implementer(IAdapt)
        class ConformNone:
            def __conform__(self, iface):
                return None

        self.assertEqual(42, IAdapt(object()))

        self.assertEqual(24, ISimple(Conform24()))
        self.assertEqual(24, IAdapt(Conform24()))

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            ISimple(ConformNone())

        self.assertEqual(42, IAdapt(ConformNone()))


    def test___call___w_overridden_adapt_call_super(self):
        import sys
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import interfacemethod
        from zope.interface import implementer

        class I(Interface):

            @interfacemethod
            def __adapt__(self, obj):
                if not self.providedBy(obj):
                    return 42
                return super().__adapt__(obj)

        @implementer(I)
        class O:
            pass

        self.assertEqual(42, I(object()))
        o = O()
        self.assertIs(o, I(o))

    def test___adapt___as_method_and_implementation(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import interfacemethod

        class I(Interface):
            @interfacemethod
            def __adapt__(self, obj):
                return 42

            def __adapt__(to_adapt):
                "This is a protocol"

        self.assertEqual(42, I(object()))
        self.assertEqual(I['__adapt__'].getSignatureString(), '(to_adapt)')

    def test___adapt__inheritance_and_type(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import interfacemethod

        class IRoot(Interface):
            """Root"""

        class IWithAdapt(IRoot):
            @interfacemethod
            def __adapt__(self, obj):
                return 42

        class IOther(IRoot):
            """Second branch"""

        class IUnrelated(Interface):
            """Unrelated"""

        class IDerivedAdapt(IUnrelated, IWithAdapt, IOther):
            """Inherits an adapt"""
            # Order of "inheritance" matters here.

        class IDerived2Adapt(IDerivedAdapt):
            """Overrides an inherited custom adapt."""
            @interfacemethod
            def __adapt__(self, obj):
                return 24

        self.assertEqual(42, IDerivedAdapt(object()))
        for iface in IRoot, IWithAdapt, IOther, IUnrelated, IDerivedAdapt:
            self.assertEqual(__name__, iface.__module__)

        for iface in IRoot, IOther, IUnrelated:
            self.assertEqual(type(IRoot), type(Interface))

        # But things that implemented __adapt__ got a new type
        self.assertNotEqual(type(Interface), type(IWithAdapt))
        self.assertEqual(type(IWithAdapt), type(IDerivedAdapt))
        self.assertIsInstance(IWithAdapt, type(Interface))

        self.assertEqual(24, IDerived2Adapt(object()))
        self.assertNotEqual(type(IDerived2Adapt), type(IDerivedAdapt))
        self.assertIsInstance(IDerived2Adapt, type(IDerivedAdapt))

    def test_interfacemethod_is_general(self):
        from zope.interface import Interface
        from zope.interface import interfacemethod

        class I(Interface):

            @interfacemethod
            def __call__(self, obj):
                """Replace an existing method"""
                return 42

            @interfacemethod
            def this_is_new(self):
                return 42

        self.assertEqual(I(self), 42)
        self.assertEqual(I.this_is_new(), 42)


class AttributeTests(ElementTests):

    DEFAULT_NAME = 'TestAttribute'

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Attribute
        return Attribute

    def test__repr__w_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.interface = type(self)
        r = repr(method)
        self.assertTrue(r.startswith('<zope.interface.interface.Attribute object at'), r)
        self.assertTrue(r.endswith(' ' + __name__ + '.AttributeTests.TestAttribute>'), r)

    def test__repr__wo_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        r = repr(method)
        self.assertTrue(r.startswith('<zope.interface.interface.Attribute object at'), r)
        self.assertTrue(r.endswith(' TestAttribute>'), r)

    def test__str__w_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.interface = type(self)
        r = str(method)
        self.assertEqual(r, __name__ + '.AttributeTests.TestAttribute')

    def test__str__wo_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        r = str(method)
        self.assertEqual(r, 'TestAttribute')


class MethodTests(AttributeTests):

    DEFAULT_NAME = 'TestMethod'

    def _getTargetClass(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import Method
        return Method

    def test_optional_as_property(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(method.optional, {})
        method.optional = {'foo': 'bar'}
        self.assertEqual(method.optional, {'foo': 'bar'})
        del method.optional
        self.assertEqual(method.optional, {})

    def test___call___raises_BrokenImplementation(self):
        from zope.interface.exceptions import BrokenImplementation
        method = self._makeOne()
        try:
            method()
        except BrokenImplementation as e:
            self.assertEqual(e.interface, None)
            self.assertEqual(e.name, self.DEFAULT_NAME)
        else:
            self.fail('__call__ should raise BrokenImplementation')

    def test_getSignatureInfo_bare(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_getSignatureString_bare(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        self.assertEqual(method.getSignatureString(), '()')

    def test_getSignatureString_w_only_required(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.positional = method.required = ['foo']
        self.assertEqual(method.getSignatureString(), '(foo)')

    def test_getSignatureString_w_optional(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.positional = method.required = ['foo']
        method.optional = {'foo': 'bar'}
        self.assertEqual(method.getSignatureString(), "(foo='bar')")

    def test_getSignatureString_w_varargs(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.varargs = 'args'
        self.assertEqual(method.getSignatureString(), "(*args)")

    def test_getSignatureString_w_kwargs(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.kwargs = 'kw'
        self.assertEqual(method.getSignatureString(), "(**kw)")

    def test__repr__w_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.kwargs = 'kw'
        method.interface = type(self)
        r = repr(method)
        self.assertTrue(r.startswith('<zope.interface.interface.Method object at'), r)
        self.assertTrue(r.endswith(' ' + __name__ + '.MethodTests.TestMethod(**kw)>'), r)

    def test__repr__wo_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.kwargs = 'kw'
        r = repr(method)
        self.assertTrue(r.startswith('<zope.interface.interface.Method object at'), r)
        self.assertTrue(r.endswith(' TestMethod(**kw)>'), r)

    def test__str__w_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.kwargs = 'kw'
        method.interface = type(self)
        r = str(method)
        self.assertEqual(r, __name__ + '.MethodTests.TestMethod(**kw)')

    def test__str__wo_interface(self):
        method = self._makeOne()
        method.kwargs = 'kw'
        r = str(method)
        self.assertEqual(r, 'TestMethod(**kw)')


class Test_fromFunction(unittest.TestCase):

    def _callFUT(self, *args, **kw):
        from zope.interface.interface import fromFunction
        return fromFunction(*args, **kw)

    def test_bare(self):
        def _func():
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func)
        self.assertEqual(method.getName(), '_func')
        self.assertEqual(method.getDoc(), 'DOCSTRING')
        self.assertEqual(method.interface, None)
        self.assertEqual(list(method.getTaggedValueTags()), [])
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_w_interface(self):
        from zope.interface.interface import InterfaceClass
        class IFoo(InterfaceClass):
            pass
        def _func():
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func, interface=IFoo)
        self.assertEqual(method.interface, IFoo)

    def test_w_name(self):
        def _func():
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func, name='anotherName')
        self.assertEqual(method.getName(), 'anotherName')

    def test_w_only_required(self):
        def _func(foo):
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_w_optional(self):
        def _func(foo='bar'):
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {'foo': 'bar'})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_w_optional_self(self):
        # This is a weird case, trying to cover the following code in
        # FUT::
        #
        # nr = na-len(defaults)
        # if nr < 0:
        #     defaults=defaults[-nr:]
        #     nr = 0
        def _func(self='bar'):
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func, imlevel=1)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_w_varargs(self):
        def _func(*args):
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], 'args')
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_w_kwargs(self):
        def _func(**kw):
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], 'kw')

    def test_full_spectrum(self):
        def _func(foo, bar='baz', *args, **kw): # pylint:disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(_func)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), ['foo', 'bar'])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {'bar': 'baz'})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], 'args')
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], 'kw')


class Test_fromMethod(unittest.TestCase):

    def _callFUT(self, *args, **kw):
        from zope.interface.interface import fromMethod
        return fromMethod(*args, **kw)

    def test_no_args(self):
        class Foo:
            def bar(self):
                "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(Foo.bar)
        self.assertEqual(method.getName(), 'bar')
        self.assertEqual(method.getDoc(), 'DOCSTRING')
        self.assertEqual(method.interface, None)
        self.assertEqual(list(method.getTaggedValueTags()), [])
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

    def test_full_spectrum(self):
        class Foo:
            def bar(self, foo, bar='baz', *args, **kw): # pylint:disable=keyword-arg-before-vararg
                "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(Foo.bar)
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), ['foo', 'bar'])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), ['foo'])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {'bar': 'baz'})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], 'args')
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], 'kw')

    def test_w_non_method(self):
        def foo():
            "DOCSTRING"
        method = self._callFUT(foo)
        self.assertEqual(method.getName(), 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(method.getDoc(), 'DOCSTRING')
        self.assertEqual(method.interface, None)
        self.assertEqual(list(method.getTaggedValueTags()), [])
        info = method.getSignatureInfo()
        self.assertEqual(list(info['positional']), [])
        self.assertEqual(list(info['required']), [])
        self.assertEqual(info['optional'], {})
        self.assertEqual(info['varargs'], None)
        self.assertEqual(info['kwargs'], None)

class DummyDependent:

    def __init__(self):
        self._changed = []

    def changed(self, originally_changed):
        self._changed.append(originally_changed)


def _barGreaterThanFoo(obj):
    from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
    foo = getattr(obj, 'foo', None)
    bar = getattr(obj, 'bar', None)
    if foo is not None and isinstance(foo, type(bar)):
        # type checking should be handled elsewhere (like, say,
        # schema); these invariants should be intra-interface
        # constraints.  This is a hacky way to do it, maybe, but you
        # get the idea
        if not bar > foo:
            raise Invalid('Please, Boo MUST be greater than Foo!')

def _ifFooThenBar(obj):
    from zope.interface.exceptions import Invalid
    if getattr(obj, 'foo', None) and not getattr(obj, 'bar', None):
        raise Invalid('If Foo, then Bar!')


class _Monkey:
    # context-manager for replacing module names in the scope of a test.
    def __init__(self, module, **kw):
        self.module = module
        self.to_restore = {key: getattr(module, key) for key in kw}
        for key, value in kw.items():
            setattr(module, key, value)

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        for key, value in self.to_restore.items():
            setattr(self.module, key, value)
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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