Current File : //proc/self/root/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/uaclient/security_status.py
from collections import defaultdict
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from enum import Enum
from functools import lru_cache
from random import choice
from typing import Any, DefaultDict, Dict, List, Tuple

import apt_pkg  # type: ignore

from uaclient import exceptions, livepatch, messages, util
from uaclient.api.u.pro.security.status.reboot_required.v1 import (
    _reboot_required,
)
from uaclient.api.u.pro.status.is_attached.v1 import _is_attached
from uaclient.apt import (
    PreserveAptCfg,
    get_apt_cache_datetime,
    get_apt_pkg_cache,
    get_esm_apt_pkg_cache,
    get_pkg_candidate_version,
)
from uaclient.config import UAConfig
from uaclient.entitlements import ESMAppsEntitlement, ESMInfraEntitlement
from uaclient.entitlements.entitlement_status import (
    ApplicabilityStatus,
    ApplicationStatus,
    ContractStatus,
)
from uaclient.system import (
    get_distro_info,
    get_kernel_info,
    get_release_info,
    is_current_series_lts,
    is_supported,
)

ESM_SERVICES = ("esm-infra", "esm-apps")


class UpdateStatus(Enum):
    "Represents the availability of a security package."
    AVAILABLE = "upgrade_available"
    AVAILABLE_NOT_PREFERRED = "upgrade_available_not_preferred"
    UNATTACHED = "pending_attach"
    NOT_ENABLED = "pending_enable"
    UNAVAILABLE = "upgrade_unavailable"


def print_package_list(packages):
    print(util.create_package_list_str(packages))


@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def get_origin_information_to_service_map():
    series = get_release_info().series
    return {
        ("Ubuntu", "{}-security".format(series)): "standard-security",
        ("UbuntuESMApps", "{}-apps-security".format(series)): "esm-apps",
        ("UbuntuESM", "{}-infra-security".format(series)): "esm-infra",
        ("UbuntuESMApps", "{}-apps-updates".format(series)): "esm-apps",
        ("UbuntuESM", "{}-infra-updates".format(series)): "esm-infra",
    }


def get_installed_packages_by_origin() -> (
    DefaultDict["str", List[apt_pkg.Package]]
):
    result = defaultdict(list)

    with PreserveAptCfg(get_apt_pkg_cache) as cache:
        installed_packages = [
            package for package in cache.packages if package.current_ver
        ]
        result["all"] = installed_packages

        dep_cache = apt_pkg.DepCache(cache)

        for package in installed_packages:
            result[
                get_origin_for_installed_package(package, dep_cache)
            ].append(package)

    return result


def get_origin_for_installed_package(
    package: apt_pkg.Package, dep_cache: apt_pkg.DepCache
) -> str:
    """
    Returns the origin for a package installed in the system.

    Technically speaking, packages don't have origins - their versions do.
    We check the available versions (installed, candidate) to determine the
    most reasonable origin for the package.
    """
    # We assume that packages we pass are installed
    if not package.current_ver:
        return ""
    available_origins = package.current_ver.file_list

    # If the installed version for a package has a single origin, it means that
    # only the local dpkg reference is there. Then, we check if there is a
    # candidate version. No candidate means we don't know anything about the
    # package. Otherwise we check for the origins of the candidate version.
    if len(available_origins) == 1:
        candidate = dep_cache.get_candidate_ver(package)
        if not candidate or package.current_ver == candidate:
            return "unknown"
        available_origins = candidate.file_list

    for origin, _ in available_origins:
        service = get_origin_information_to_service_map().get(
            (origin.origin, origin.archive), ""
        )
        if service in ESM_SERVICES:
            return service
        if origin.origin == "Ubuntu":
            return origin.component

    return "third-party"


@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
def _is_candidate_version(pkg: str, version: str) -> bool:
    """Returns True if the package version is a candidate version."""
    candidate_version = get_pkg_candidate_version(pkg, check_esm_cache=False)
    if candidate_version:
        return version == candidate_version
    return False


def get_update_status(
    service_name: str,
    ua_info: Dict[str, Any],
    version: apt_pkg.Version,
) -> str:
    """Defines the update status for a package based on the service name.

    For ESM-[Infra|Apps] packages, first checks if Pro is attached. If this is
    the case, also check for availability of the service.
    """
    if service_name in ("standard-security", "standard-updates") or (
        ua_info["attached"] and service_name in ua_info["enabled_services"]
    ):
        is_candidate = _is_candidate_version(
            version.parent_pkg.name, version.ver_str
        )
        return (
            UpdateStatus.AVAILABLE.value
            if is_candidate
            else UpdateStatus.AVAILABLE_NOT_PREFERRED.value
        )
    if not ua_info["attached"]:
        return UpdateStatus.UNATTACHED.value
    if service_name in ua_info["entitled_services"]:
        return UpdateStatus.NOT_ENABLED.value
    return UpdateStatus.UNAVAILABLE.value


def filter_updates(
    packages: List[apt_pkg.Package],
) -> DefaultDict[str, List[Tuple[apt_pkg.Version, str]]]:
    """Filters a list of packages looking for available updates.

    All versions greater than the installed one are reported, based on where
    it is provided, including ESM pockets, excluding backports.
    """
    result = defaultdict(list)

    # This esm_cache will only be usefull for the situation where
    # the user does not have the esm (infra or apps) services enabled,
    # but has be advertised about esm packages. Since those
    # sources live in a private folder, we need a different apt cache
    # to access them.
    with PreserveAptCfg(get_esm_apt_pkg_cache) as esm_cache:
        for package in packages:
            # We only care about installed packages here
            if package.current_ver:
                for version in package.version_list:
                    # Seems mypy cannot understand we can compare these :/
                    if version > package.current_ver:  # type: ignore
                        counted_as_security = False
                        for origin, _ in version.file_list:
                            service = (
                                get_origin_information_to_service_map().get(
                                    (origin.origin, origin.archive)
                                )
                            )
                            if service:
                                result[service].append((version, origin.site))
                                counted_as_security = True
                                # No need to loop through all the origins
                                break
                        # Also no need to report backports at least for now...
                        expected_origin = version.file_list[0][0]
                        if (
                            not counted_as_security
                            and "backports" not in expected_origin.archive
                        ):
                            result["standard-updates"].append(
                                (version, expected_origin.site)
                            )

                # This loop should be only used if the user does not have esm
                # (infra or apps) enabled, and it is shorter than the
                # previous one
                if package.name in esm_cache:
                    esm_package = esm_cache[package.name]
                    for version in esm_package.version_list:
                        if version > package.current_ver:  # type: ignore
                            for origin, _ in version.file_list:
                                service = get_origin_information_to_service_map().get(  # noqa: E501
                                    (origin.origin, origin.archive)
                                )
                                if service:
                                    result[service].append(
                                        (version, origin.site)
                                    )
                                    break

    return result


def get_ua_info(cfg: UAConfig) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Returns the Pro information based on the config object."""
    is_attached = _is_attached(cfg).is_attached
    ua_info = {
        "attached": is_attached,
        "enabled_services": [],
        "entitled_services": [],
    }  # type: Dict[str, Any]

    if is_attached:
        infra_entitlement = ESMInfraEntitlement(cfg)
        apps_entitlement = ESMAppsEntitlement(cfg)

        if apps_entitlement.contract_status() == ContractStatus.ENTITLED:
            ua_info["entitled_services"].append("esm-apps")
        if (
            apps_entitlement.application_status()[0]
            == ApplicationStatus.ENABLED
        ):
            ua_info["enabled_services"].append("esm-apps")

        if infra_entitlement.contract_status() == ContractStatus.ENTITLED:
            ua_info["entitled_services"].append("esm-infra")
        if (
            infra_entitlement.application_status()[0]
            == ApplicationStatus.ENABLED
        ):
            ua_info["enabled_services"].append("esm-infra")

    return ua_info


# Yeah Any is bad, but so is python<3.8 without TypedDict
def get_livepatch_fixed_cves() -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
    try:
        lp_status = livepatch.status()
    except exceptions.ProcessExecutionError:
        return []

    our_kernel_version = get_kernel_info().proc_version_signature_version
    if (
        lp_status is not None
        and our_kernel_version is not None
        and our_kernel_version == lp_status.kernel
        and lp_status.livepatch is not None
        and lp_status.livepatch.state == "applied"
        and lp_status.livepatch.fixes is not None
        and len(lp_status.livepatch.fixes) > 0
    ):
        return [
            {"name": fix.name or "", "patched": fix.patched or False}
            for fix in lp_status.livepatch.fixes
        ]

    return []


def create_updates_list(
    upgradable_versions: DefaultDict[str, List[Tuple[apt_pkg.Version, str]]],
    ua_info: Dict[str, Any],
) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
    updates = []
    for service, version_list in upgradable_versions.items():
        for version, origin in version_list:
            status = get_update_status(service, ua_info, version)
            updates.append(
                {
                    "package": version.parent_pkg.name,
                    "version": version.ver_str,
                    "service_name": service,
                    "status": status,
                    "origin": origin,
                    "download_size": version.size,
                }
            )

    return updates


def security_status_dict(cfg: UAConfig) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Returns the status of security updates on a system.

    The returned dict has a 'packages' key with a list of all installed
    packages which can receive security updates, with or without ESM,
    reflecting the availability of the update based on the Pro status.

    There is also a summary with the Ubuntu Pro information and the package
    counts.
    """
    ua_info = get_ua_info(cfg)

    summary = {"ua": ua_info}  # type: Dict[str, Any]
    packages_by_origin = get_installed_packages_by_origin()

    installed_packages = packages_by_origin["all"]
    summary["num_installed_packages"] = len(installed_packages)

    upgradable_versions = filter_updates(installed_packages)
    # This version of security-status only cares about security updates
    upgradable_versions["standard-updates"] = []

    updates = create_updates_list(upgradable_versions, ua_info)

    summary["num_main_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["main"])
    summary["num_restricted_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["restricted"])
    summary["num_universe_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["universe"])
    summary["num_multiverse_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["multiverse"])
    summary["num_third_party_packages"] = len(
        packages_by_origin["third-party"]
    )
    summary["num_unknown_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["unknown"])
    summary["num_esm_infra_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["esm-infra"])
    summary["num_esm_apps_packages"] = len(packages_by_origin["esm-apps"])

    summary["num_esm_infra_updates"] = len(upgradable_versions["esm-infra"])
    summary["num_esm_apps_updates"] = len(upgradable_versions["esm-apps"])
    summary["num_standard_security_updates"] = len(
        upgradable_versions["standard-security"]
    )
    summary["reboot_required"] = _reboot_required(cfg).reboot_required

    return {
        "_schema_version": "0.1",
        "summary": summary,
        "packages": updates,
        "livepatch": {"fixed_cves": get_livepatch_fixed_cves()},
    }


def _print_package_summary(
    package_lists: DefaultDict[str, List[apt_pkg.Package]],
    show_items: str = "all",
    always_show: bool = False,
) -> None:
    total_packages = len(package_lists["all"])
    print(messages.SS_SUMMARY_TOTAL.format(count=total_packages))

    offset = " " * (len(str(total_packages)) + 1)

    if show_items in ("all", "esm-infra"):
        packages_mr = (
            len(package_lists["main"])
            + len(package_lists["restricted"])
            + len(package_lists["esm-infra"])
        )
        print(
            messages.SS_SUMMARY_ARCHIVE.pluralize(packages_mr).format(
                offset=offset,
                count=packages_mr,
                repository="Main/Restricted",
            )
        )

    if show_items in ("all", "esm-apps"):
        packages_um = (
            len(package_lists["universe"])
            + len(package_lists["multiverse"])
            + len(package_lists["esm-apps"])
        )
        if packages_um or always_show:
            print(
                messages.SS_SUMMARY_ARCHIVE.pluralize(packages_um).format(
                    offset=offset,
                    count=packages_um,
                    repository="Universe/Multiverse",
                )
            )

    if show_items in ("all", "third-party"):
        packages_thirdparty = len(package_lists["third-party"])
        if packages_thirdparty or always_show:
            print(
                messages.SS_SUMMARY_THIRD_PARTY.pluralize(
                    packages_thirdparty
                ).format(offset=offset, count=packages_thirdparty)
            )

    if show_items in ("all", "unknown"):
        packages_unknown = len(package_lists["unknown"])
        if packages_unknown or always_show:
            print(
                messages.SS_SUMMARY_UNAVAILABLE.pluralize(
                    packages_unknown
                ).format(
                    offset=offset,
                    count=packages_unknown,
                )
            )

    print("")


def _print_interim_release_support():
    series = get_release_info().series
    eol_date = get_distro_info(series).eol
    date = "{}/{}".format(str(eol_date.month), str(eol_date.year))
    print(messages.SS_INTERIM_SUPPORT.format(date=date))
    print("")


def _print_lts_support():
    series = get_release_info().series
    if is_supported(series):
        eol_date = get_distro_info(series).eol
        print(messages.SS_LTS_SUPPORT.format(date=str(eol_date.year)))
    else:
        print(messages.SS_NO_SECURITY_COVERAGE)


def _print_service_support(
    service: str,
    repository: str,
    service_status: ApplicationStatus,
    service_applicability: ApplicabilityStatus,
    installed_updates: int,
    available_updates: int,
    is_attached: bool,
):
    series = get_release_info().series
    eol_date_esm = get_distro_info(series).eol_esm
    if service_status == ApplicationStatus.ENABLED:
        message = messages.SS_SERVICE_ENABLED.format(
            repository=repository,
            service=service,
            year=str(eol_date_esm.year),
        )
    else:
        message = messages.SS_SERVICE_ADVERTISE.format(
            service=service,
            repository=repository,
            year=str(eol_date_esm.year),
        )

    if installed_updates:
        message += " " + messages.SS_SERVICE_ENABLED_COUNTS.pluralize(
            installed_updates
        ).format(
            updates=installed_updates,
        )

    if available_updates:
        message += " " + messages.SS_SERVICE_ADVERTISE_COUNTS.pluralize(
            available_updates
        ).format(
            updates=available_updates,
        )
    print(message)

    if (
        is_attached
        and service_status == ApplicationStatus.DISABLED
        and service_applicability == ApplicabilityStatus.APPLICABLE
    ):
        print("")
        print(messages.SS_SERVICE_COMMAND.format(service=service))

    print("")


def _print_apt_update_call():
    last_apt_update = get_apt_cache_datetime()
    if last_apt_update is None:
        print(messages.SS_UPDATE_UNKNOWN)
        print("")
        return

    now = datetime.now(timezone.utc)
    time_since_update = now - last_apt_update
    if time_since_update.days > 0:
        print(messages.SS_UPDATE_DAYS.format(days=time_since_update.days))
        print("")


def security_status(cfg: UAConfig):
    esm_infra_ent = ESMInfraEntitlement(cfg)
    esm_apps_ent = ESMAppsEntitlement(cfg)

    esm_infra_status = esm_infra_ent.application_status()[0]
    esm_infra_applicability = esm_infra_ent.applicability_status()[0]
    esm_apps_status = esm_apps_ent.application_status()[0]
    esm_apps_applicability = esm_apps_ent.applicability_status()[0]

    series = get_release_info().series
    is_lts = is_current_series_lts()
    is_attached = get_ua_info(cfg)["attached"]

    packages_by_origin = get_installed_packages_by_origin()
    security_upgradable_versions_infra = filter_updates(
        packages_by_origin["main"]
        + packages_by_origin["restricted"]
        + packages_by_origin["esm-infra"],
    )["esm-infra"]

    security_upgradable_versions_apps = filter_updates(
        packages_by_origin["universe"]
        + packages_by_origin["multiverse"]
        + packages_by_origin["esm-apps"],
    )["esm-apps"]

    _print_package_summary(packages_by_origin)

    print(messages.SS_HELP_CALL)
    print("")

    _print_apt_update_call()

    if not is_lts:
        if is_supported(series):
            _print_interim_release_support()
        print(messages.SS_NO_INTERIM_PRO_SUPPORT)
        return

    if esm_infra_status == ApplicationStatus.DISABLED:
        _print_lts_support()

    if is_attached:
        print(messages.SS_IS_ATTACHED)
    else:
        print(messages.SS_IS_NOT_ATTACHED)
    print("")

    _print_service_support(
        service="esm-infra",
        repository="Main/Restricted",
        service_status=esm_infra_status,
        service_applicability=esm_infra_applicability,
        installed_updates=len(packages_by_origin["esm-infra"]),
        available_updates=len(security_upgradable_versions_infra),
        is_attached=is_attached,
    )

    if (
        packages_by_origin["universe"]
        or packages_by_origin["multiverse"]
        or packages_by_origin["esm-apps"]
    ):
        _print_service_support(
            service="esm-apps",
            repository="Universe/Multiverse",
            service_status=esm_apps_status,
            service_applicability=esm_apps_applicability,
            installed_updates=len(packages_by_origin["esm-apps"]),
            available_updates=len(security_upgradable_versions_apps),
            is_attached=is_attached,
        )

    if not is_attached:
        print(messages.SS_LEARN_MORE)


def list_third_party_packages():
    packages_by_origin = get_installed_packages_by_origin()
    third_party_packages = packages_by_origin["third-party"]
    package_names = [package.name for package in third_party_packages]

    _print_package_summary(
        packages_by_origin, show_items="third-party", always_show=True
    )

    if third_party_packages:
        print(messages.SS_THIRD_PARTY)

        print("")
        print(messages.SS_PACKAGES_HEADER)
        print_package_list(package_names)
        print(messages.SS_SHOW_HINT.format(package=choice(package_names)))
    else:
        print(messages.SS_NO_THIRD_PARTY)


def list_unavailable_packages():
    packages_by_origin = get_installed_packages_by_origin()
    unknown_packages = packages_by_origin["unknown"]
    package_names = [package.name for package in unknown_packages]

    _print_package_summary(
        packages_by_origin, show_items="unknown", always_show=True
    )

    if unknown_packages:
        print(messages.SS_UNAVAILABLE)
        print("")

        print(messages.SS_PACKAGES_HEADER)
        print_package_list(package_names)
        print(messages.SS_SHOW_HINT.format(package=choice(package_names)))

    else:
        print(messages.SS_NO_UNAVAILABLE)


def list_esm_infra_packages(cfg):
    packages_by_origin = get_installed_packages_by_origin()
    infra_packages = packages_by_origin["esm-infra"]
    mr_packages = packages_by_origin["main"] + packages_by_origin["restricted"]

    all_infra_packages = infra_packages + mr_packages

    infra_updates = set()
    security_upgradable_versions = filter_updates(all_infra_packages)[
        "esm-infra"
    ]
    for update, _ in security_upgradable_versions:
        infra_updates.add(update.parent_pkg)

    series = get_release_info().series
    is_lts = is_current_series_lts()

    esm_infra_ent = ESMInfraEntitlement(cfg)
    esm_apps_ent = ESMAppsEntitlement(cfg)

    esm_infra_status = esm_infra_ent.application_status()[0]
    esm_infra_applicability = esm_apps_ent.applicability_status()[0]

    installed_package_names = sorted(
        [package.name for package in infra_packages]
    )
    available_package_names = sorted(
        [package.name for package in infra_updates]
    )
    remaining_package_names = sorted(
        [
            package.name
            for package in all_infra_packages
            if package.name not in installed_package_names
            and package.name not in available_package_names
        ]
    )

    _print_package_summary(
        packages_by_origin, show_items="esm-infra", always_show=True
    )

    if not is_lts:
        if is_supported(series):
            _print_interim_release_support()
        print(messages.SS_NO_INTERIM_PRO_SUPPORT)
        return

    if esm_infra_status == ApplicationStatus.DISABLED:
        _print_lts_support()
        print("")

    _print_service_support(
        service="esm-infra",
        repository="Main/Restricted",
        service_status=esm_infra_status,
        service_applicability=esm_infra_applicability,
        installed_updates=len(infra_packages),
        available_updates=len(infra_updates),
        is_attached=False,  # don't care about the `enable` message
    )
    print(messages.SS_SERVICE_HELP.format(service="esm-infra"))
    print("")

    if not is_supported(series):
        if available_package_names:
            print(messages.SS_UPDATES_AVAILABLE.format(service="esm-infra"))
            print_package_list(available_package_names)

        if installed_package_names:
            print(messages.SS_UPDATES_INSTALLED.format(service="esm-infra"))
            print_package_list(installed_package_names)

        hint_list = available_package_names or installed_package_names
        # Check names because packages may have been already listed
        if remaining_package_names:
            if hint_list:
                msg = messages.SS_FURTHER_OTHER_PACKAGES.format(
                    service="esm-infra"
                )
            else:
                msg = messages.SS_OTHER_PACKAGES.format(service="esm-infra")
            print(msg)
            print_package_list(remaining_package_names)

        if hint_list:
            print(messages.SS_SHOW_HINT.format(package=choice(hint_list)))


def list_esm_apps_packages(cfg):
    packages_by_origin = get_installed_packages_by_origin()
    apps_packages = packages_by_origin["esm-apps"]
    um_packages = (
        packages_by_origin["universe"] + packages_by_origin["multiverse"]
    )

    all_apps_packages = apps_packages + um_packages

    apps_updates = set()
    security_upgradable_versions = filter_updates(all_apps_packages)[
        "esm-apps"
    ]
    for update, _ in security_upgradable_versions:
        apps_updates.add(update.parent_pkg)

    is_lts = is_current_series_lts()

    esm_apps_ent = ESMAppsEntitlement(cfg)
    esm_apps_status = esm_apps_ent.application_status()[0]
    esm_apps_applicability = esm_apps_ent.applicability_status()[0]

    installed_package_names = sorted(
        [package.name for package in apps_packages]
    )
    available_package_names = sorted(
        [package.name for package in apps_updates]
    )
    remaining_package_names = sorted(
        [
            package.name
            for package in all_apps_packages
            if package.name not in installed_package_names
            and package.name not in available_package_names
        ]
    )

    _print_package_summary(
        packages_by_origin, show_items="esm-apps", always_show=True
    )

    if not is_lts:
        print(messages.SS_NO_INTERIM_PRO_SUPPORT)
        return

    _print_service_support(
        service="esm-apps",
        repository="Universe/Multiverse",
        service_status=esm_apps_status,
        service_applicability=esm_apps_applicability,
        installed_updates=len(apps_packages),
        available_updates=len(apps_updates),
        is_attached=False,  # don't care about the `enable` message
    )
    print(messages.SS_SERVICE_HELP.format(service="esm-apps"))
    print("")

    if all_apps_packages:
        if available_package_names:
            print(messages.SS_UPDATES_AVAILABLE.format(service="esm-apps"))
            print_package_list(available_package_names)

        if installed_package_names:
            print(messages.SS_UPDATES_INSTALLED.format(service="esm-apps"))
            print_package_list(installed_package_names)

        hint_list = available_package_names or installed_package_names

        # Check names because packages may have been already listed
        if remaining_package_names:
            if hint_list:
                msg = messages.SS_FURTHER_OTHER_PACKAGES.format(
                    service="esm-apps"
                )
            else:
                msg = messages.SS_OTHER_PACKAGES.format(service="esm-apps")
            print(msg)
            print_package_list(remaining_package_names)

        if hint_list:
            print(messages.SS_SHOW_HINT.format(package=choice(hint_list)))
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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