Current File : //proc/self/root/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/hyperlink/test/test_url.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.

from __future__ import unicode_literals

import sys
import socket
from typing import Any, Iterable, Optional, Text, Tuple, cast

from .common import HyperlinkTestCase
from .. import URL, URLParseError
from .._url import inet_pton, SCHEME_PORT_MAP


PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
unicode = type("")


BASIC_URL = "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut"

# Examples from RFC 3986 section 5.4, Reference Resolution Examples
relativeLinkBaseForRFC3986 = "http://a/b/c/d;p?q"
relativeLinkTestsForRFC3986 = [
    # "Normal"
    # ('g:h', 'g:h'),  # can't click on a scheme-having url without an abs path
    ("g", "http://a/b/c/g"),
    ("./g", "http://a/b/c/g"),
    ("g/", "http://a/b/c/g/"),
    ("/g", "http://a/g"),
    ("//g", "http://g"),
    ("?y", "http://a/b/c/d;p?y"),
    ("g?y", "http://a/b/c/g?y"),
    ("#s", "http://a/b/c/d;p?q#s"),
    ("g#s", "http://a/b/c/g#s"),
    ("g?y#s", "http://a/b/c/g?y#s"),
    (";x", "http://a/b/c/;x"),
    ("g;x", "http://a/b/c/g;x"),
    ("g;x?y#s", "http://a/b/c/g;x?y#s"),
    ("", "http://a/b/c/d;p?q"),
    (".", "http://a/b/c/"),
    ("./", "http://a/b/c/"),
    ("..", "http://a/b/"),
    ("../", "http://a/b/"),
    ("../g", "http://a/b/g"),
    ("../..", "http://a/"),
    ("../../", "http://a/"),
    ("../../g", "http://a/g"),
    # Abnormal examples
    # ".." cannot be used to change the authority component of a URI.
    ("../../../g", "http://a/g"),
    ("../../../../g", "http://a/g"),
    # Only include "." and ".." when they are only part of a larger segment,
    # not by themselves.
    ("/./g", "http://a/g"),
    ("/../g", "http://a/g"),
    ("g.", "http://a/b/c/g."),
    (".g", "http://a/b/c/.g"),
    ("g..", "http://a/b/c/g.."),
    ("..g", "http://a/b/c/..g"),
    # Unnecessary or nonsensical forms of "." and "..".
    ("./../g", "http://a/b/g"),
    ("./g/.", "http://a/b/c/g/"),
    ("g/./h", "http://a/b/c/g/h"),
    ("g/../h", "http://a/b/c/h"),
    ("g;x=1/./y", "http://a/b/c/g;x=1/y"),
    ("g;x=1/../y", "http://a/b/c/y"),
    # Separating the reference's query and fragment components from the path.
    ("g?y/./x", "http://a/b/c/g?y/./x"),
    ("g?y/../x", "http://a/b/c/g?y/../x"),
    ("g#s/./x", "http://a/b/c/g#s/./x"),
    ("g#s/../x", "http://a/b/c/g#s/../x"),
]


ROUNDTRIP_TESTS = (
    "http://localhost",
    "http://localhost/",
    "http://127.0.0.1/",
    "http://[::127.0.0.1]/",
    "http://[::1]/",
    "http://localhost/foo",
    "http://localhost/foo/",
    "http://localhost/foo!!bar/",
    "http://localhost/foo%20bar/",
    "http://localhost/foo%2Fbar/",
    "http://localhost/foo?n",
    "http://localhost/foo?n=v",
    "http://localhost/foo?n=/a/b",
    "http://example.com/foo!@$bar?b!@z=123",
    "http://localhost/asd?a=asd%20sdf/345",
    "http://(%2525)/(%2525)?(%2525)&(%2525)=(%2525)#(%2525)",
    "http://(%C3%A9)/(%C3%A9)?(%C3%A9)&(%C3%A9)=(%C3%A9)#(%C3%A9)",
    "?sslrootcert=/Users/glyph/Downloads/rds-ca-2015-root.pem&sslmode=verify",
    # from boltons.urlutils' tests
    "http://googlewebsite.com/e-shops.aspx",
    "http://example.com:8080/search?q=123&business=Nothing%20Special",
    "http://hatnote.com:9000/?arg=1&arg=2&arg=3",
    "https://xn--bcher-kva.ch",
    "http://xn--ggbla1c4e.xn--ngbc5azd/",
    "http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986#section-3.4",
    # 'http://wiki:pedia@hatnote.com',
    "ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/tar/RFCs0001-0500.tar.gz",
    "http://[1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A]/index.html",
    "ssh://192.0.2.16:2222/",
    "https://[::101.45.75.219]:80/?hi=bye",
    "ldap://[::192.9.5.5]/dc=example,dc=com??sub?(sn=Jensen)",
    "mailto:me@example.com?to=me@example.com&body=hi%20http://wikipedia.org",
    "news:alt.rec.motorcycle",
    "tel:+1-800-867-5309",
    "urn:oasis:member:A00024:x",
    (
        "magnet:?xt=urn:btih:1a42b9e04e122b97a5254e3df77ab3c4b7da725f&dn=Puppy%"
        "20Linux%20precise-5.7.1.iso&tr=udp://tracker.openbittorrent.com:80&"
        "tr=udp://tracker.publicbt.com:80&tr=udp://tracker.istole.it:6969&"
        "tr=udp://tracker.ccc.de:80&tr=udp://open.demonii.com:1337"
    ),
    # percent-encoded delimiters in percent-encodable fields
    "https://%3A@example.com/",  # colon in username
    "https://%40@example.com/",  # at sign in username
    "https://%2f@example.com/",  # slash in username
    "https://a:%3a@example.com/",  # colon in password
    "https://a:%40@example.com/",  # at sign in password
    "https://a:%2f@example.com/",  # slash in password
    "https://a:%3f@example.com/",  # question mark in password
    "https://example.com/%2F/",  # slash in path
    "https://example.com/%3F/",  # question mark in path
    "https://example.com/%23/",  # hash in path
    "https://example.com/?%23=b",  # hash in query param name
    "https://example.com/?%3D=b",  # equals in query param name
    "https://example.com/?%26=b",  # ampersand in query param name
    "https://example.com/?a=%23",  # hash in query param value
    "https://example.com/?a=%26",  # ampersand in query param value
    "https://example.com/?a=%3D",  # equals in query param value
    "https://example.com/?foo+bar=baz",  # plus in query param name
    "https://example.com/?foo=bar+baz",  # plus in query param value
    # double-encoded percent sign in all percent-encodable positions:
    "http://(%2525):(%2525)@example.com/(%2525)/?(%2525)=(%2525)#(%2525)",
    # colon in first part of schemeless relative url
    "first_seg_rel_path__colon%3Anotok/second_seg__colon%3Aok",
)


class TestURL(HyperlinkTestCase):
    """
    Tests for L{URL}.
    """

    def assertUnicoded(self, u):
        # type: (URL) -> None
        """
        The given L{URL}'s components should be L{unicode}.

        @param u: The L{URL} to test.
        """
        self.assertTrue(
            isinstance(u.scheme, unicode) or u.scheme is None, repr(u)
        )
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(u.host, unicode) or u.host is None, repr(u))
        for seg in u.path:
            self.assertEqual(type(seg), unicode, repr(u))
        for (_k, v) in u.query:
            self.assertEqual(type(seg), unicode, repr(u))
            self.assertTrue(v is None or isinstance(v, unicode), repr(u))
        self.assertEqual(type(u.fragment), unicode, repr(u))

    def assertURL(
        self,
        u,  # type: URL
        scheme,  # type: Text
        host,  # type: Text
        path,  # type: Iterable[Text]
        query,  # type: Iterable[Tuple[Text, Optional[Text]]]
        fragment,  # type: Text
        port,  # type: Optional[int]
        userinfo="",  # type: Text
    ):
        # type: (...) -> None
        """
        The given L{URL} should have the given components.

        @param u: The actual L{URL} to examine.

        @param scheme: The expected scheme.

        @param host: The expected host.

        @param path: The expected path.

        @param query: The expected query.

        @param fragment: The expected fragment.

        @param port: The expected port.

        @param userinfo: The expected userinfo.
        """
        actual = (
            u.scheme,
            u.host,
            u.path,
            u.query,
            u.fragment,
            u.port,
            u.userinfo,
        )
        expected = (
            scheme,
            host,
            tuple(path),
            tuple(query),
            fragment,
            port,
            u.userinfo,
        )
        self.assertEqual(actual, expected)

    def test_initDefaults(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL} should have appropriate default values.
        """

        def check(u):
            # type: (URL) -> None
            self.assertUnicoded(u)
            self.assertURL(u, "http", "", [], [], "", 80, "")

        check(URL("http", ""))
        check(URL("http", "", [], []))
        check(URL("http", "", [], [], ""))

    def test_init(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL} should accept L{unicode} parameters.
        """
        u = URL("s", "h", ["p"], [("k", "v"), ("k", None)], "f")
        self.assertUnicoded(u)
        self.assertURL(u, "s", "h", ["p"], [("k", "v"), ("k", None)], "f", None)

        self.assertURL(
            URL("http", "\xe0", ["\xe9"], [("\u03bb", "\u03c0")], "\u22a5"),
            "http",
            "\xe0",
            ["\xe9"],
            [("\u03bb", "\u03c0")],
            "\u22a5",
            80,
        )

    def test_initPercent(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL} should accept (and not interpret) percent characters.
        """
        u = URL("s", "%68", ["%70"], [("%6B", "%76"), ("%6B", None)], "%66")
        self.assertUnicoded(u)
        self.assertURL(
            u, "s", "%68", ["%70"], [("%6B", "%76"), ("%6B", None)], "%66", None
        )

    def test_repr(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.__repr__} will display the canonical form of the URL, wrapped in
        a L{URL.from_text} invocation, so that it is C{eval}-able but still
        easy to read.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            repr(
                URL(
                    scheme="http",
                    host="foo",
                    path=["bar"],
                    query=[("baz", None), ("k", "v")],
                    fragment="frob",
                )
            ),
            "URL.from_text(%s)" % (repr("http://foo/bar?baz&k=v#frob"),),
        )

    def test_from_text(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Round-tripping L{URL.from_text} with C{str} results in an equivalent
        URL.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(BASIC_URL, urlpath.to_text())

    def test_roundtrip(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.to_text} should invert L{URL.from_text}.
        """
        for test in ROUNDTRIP_TESTS:
            result = URL.from_text(test).to_text(with_password=True)
            self.assertEqual(test, result)

    def test_roundtrip_double_iri(self):
        # type: () -> None
        for test in ROUNDTRIP_TESTS:
            url = URL.from_text(test)
            iri = url.to_iri()
            double_iri = iri.to_iri()
            assert iri == double_iri

            iri_text = iri.to_text(with_password=True)
            double_iri_text = double_iri.to_text(with_password=True)
            assert iri_text == double_iri_text
        return

    def test_equality(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Two URLs decoded using L{URL.from_text} will be equal (C{==}) if they
        decoded same URL string, and unequal (C{!=}) if they decoded different
        strings.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(urlpath, URL.from_text(BASIC_URL))
        self.assertNotEqual(
            urlpath,
            URL.from_text(
                "ftp://www.anotherinvaliddomain.com/" "foo/bar/baz/?zot=21&zut"
            ),
        )

    def test_fragmentEquality(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        An URL created with the empty string for a fragment compares equal
        to an URL created with an unspecified fragment.
        """
        self.assertEqual(URL(fragment=""), URL())
        self.assertEqual(
            URL.from_text("http://localhost/#"),
            URL.from_text("http://localhost/"),
        )

    def test_child(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.child} appends a new path segment, but does not affect the query
        or fragment.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.child("gong").to_text(),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong%2F?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.child("gong/").to_text(),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong%2Fdouble?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.child("gong/double").to_text(),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/gong%2Fdouble%2F?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.child("gong/double/").to_text(),
        )

    def test_multiChild(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.child} receives multiple segments as C{*args} and appends each in
        turn.
        """
        url = URL.from_text("http://example.com/a/b")
        self.assertEqual(
            url.child("c", "d", "e").to_text(), "http://example.com/a/b/c/d/e"
        )

    def test_childInitRoot(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.child} of a L{URL} without a path produces a L{URL} with a single
        path segment.
        """
        childURL = URL(host="www.foo.com").child("c")
        self.assertTrue(childURL.rooted)
        self.assertEqual("http://www.foo.com/c", childURL.to_text())

    def test_emptyChild(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.child} without any new segments returns the original L{URL}.
        """
        url = URL(host="www.foo.com")
        self.assertEqual(url.child(), url)

    def test_sibling(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.sibling} of a L{URL} replaces the last path segment, but does not
        affect the query or fragment.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/sister?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.sibling("sister").to_text(),
        )
        # Use an url without trailing '/' to check child removal.
        url_text = "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path?zot=23&zut"
        urlpath = URL.from_text(url_text)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/sister?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.sibling("sister").to_text(),
        )

    def test_click(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.click} interprets the given string as a relative URI-reference
        and returns a new L{URL} interpreting C{self} as the base absolute URI.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        # A null uri should be valid (return here).
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut",
            urlpath.click("").to_text(),
        )
        # A simple relative path remove the query.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/click",
            urlpath.click("click").to_text(),
        )
        # An absolute path replace path and query.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/click", urlpath.click("/click").to_text()
        )
        # Replace just the query.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?burp",
            urlpath.click("?burp").to_text(),
        )
        # One full url to another should not generate '//' between authority.
        # and path
        self.assertTrue(
            "//foobar"
            not in urlpath.click("http://www.foo.com/foobar").to_text()
        )

        # From a url with no query clicking a url with a query, the query
        # should be handled properly.
        u = URL.from_text("http://www.foo.com/me/noquery")
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/me/17?spam=158",
            u.click("/me/17?spam=158").to_text(),
        )

        # Check that everything from the path onward is removed when the click
        # link has no path.
        u = URL.from_text("http://localhost/foo?abc=def")
        self.assertEqual(
            u.click("http://www.python.org").to_text(), "http://www.python.org"
        )

        # https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/8184
        u = URL.from_text("http://hatnote.com/a/b/../c/./d/e/..")
        res = "http://hatnote.com/a/c/d/"
        self.assertEqual(u.click("").to_text(), res)

        # test click default arg is same as empty string above
        self.assertEqual(u.click().to_text(), res)

        # test click on a URL instance
        u = URL.fromText("http://localhost/foo/?abc=def")
        u2 = URL.from_text("bar")
        u3 = u.click(u2)
        self.assertEqual(u3.to_text(), "http://localhost/foo/bar")

    def test_clickRFC3986(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.click} should correctly resolve the examples in RFC 3986.
        """
        base = URL.from_text(relativeLinkBaseForRFC3986)
        for (ref, expected) in relativeLinkTestsForRFC3986:
            self.assertEqual(base.click(ref).to_text(), expected)

    def test_clickSchemeRelPath(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.click} should not accept schemes with relative paths.
        """
        base = URL.from_text(relativeLinkBaseForRFC3986)
        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, base.click, "g:h")
        self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError, base.click, "http:h")

    def test_cloneUnchanged(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Verify that L{URL.replace} doesn't change any of the arguments it
        is passed.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text("https://x:1/y?z=1#A")
        self.assertEqual(
            urlpath.replace(
                urlpath.scheme,
                urlpath.host,
                urlpath.path,
                urlpath.query,
                urlpath.fragment,
                urlpath.port,
            ),
            urlpath,
        )
        self.assertEqual(urlpath.replace(), urlpath)

    def test_clickCollapse(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.click} collapses C{.} and C{..} according to RFC 3986 section
        5.2.4.
        """
        tests = [
            ["http://localhost/", ".", "http://localhost/"],
            ["http://localhost/", "..", "http://localhost/"],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", ".", "http://localhost/a/b/"],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", "..", "http://localhost/a/"],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", "./d/e", "http://localhost/a/b/d/e"],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", "../d/e", "http://localhost/a/d/e"],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", "/./d/e", "http://localhost/d/e"],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", "/../d/e", "http://localhost/d/e"],
            [
                "http://localhost/a/b/c/",
                "../../d/e/",
                "http://localhost/a/d/e/",
            ],
            ["http://localhost/a/./c", "../d/e", "http://localhost/d/e"],
            ["http://localhost/a/./c/", "../d/e", "http://localhost/a/d/e"],
            [
                "http://localhost/a/b/c/d",
                "./e/../f/../g",
                "http://localhost/a/b/c/g",
            ],
            ["http://localhost/a/b/c", "d//e", "http://localhost/a/b/d//e"],
        ]
        for start, click, expected in tests:
            actual = URL.from_text(start).click(click).to_text()
            self.assertEqual(
                actual,
                expected,
                "{start}.click({click}) => {actual} not {expected}".format(
                    start=start,
                    click=repr(click),
                    actual=actual,
                    expected=expected,
                ),
            )

    def test_queryAdd(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.add} adds query parameters.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?foo=bar",
            URL.from_text("http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/")
            .add("foo", "bar")
            .to_text(),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/?foo=bar",
            URL(host="www.foo.com").add("foo", "bar").to_text(),
        )
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp",
            urlpath.add("burp").to_text(),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp=xxx",
            urlpath.add("burp", "xxx").to_text(),
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp=xxx&zing",
            urlpath.add("burp", "xxx").add("zing").to_text(),
        )
        # Note the inversion!
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&zing&burp=xxx",
            urlpath.add("zing").add("burp", "xxx").to_text(),
        )
        # Note the two values for the same name.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=23&zut&burp=xxx&zot=32",
            urlpath.add("burp", "xxx").add("zot", "32").to_text(),
        )

    def test_querySet(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.set} replaces query parameters by name.
        """
        urlpath = URL.from_text(BASIC_URL)
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=32&zut",
            urlpath.set("zot", "32").to_text(),
        )
        # Replace name without value with name/value and vice-versa.
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot&zut=itworked",
            urlpath.set("zot").set("zut", "itworked").to_text(),
        )
        # Q: what happens when the query has two values and we replace?
        # A: we replace both values with a single one
        self.assertEqual(
            "http://www.foo.com/a/nice/path/?zot=32&zut",
            urlpath.add("zot", "xxx").set("zot", "32").to_text(),
        )

    def test_queryRemove(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.remove} removes instances of a query parameter.
        """
        url = URL.from_text("https://example.com/a/b/?foo=1&bar=2&foo=3")
        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove("foo"), URL.from_text("https://example.com/a/b/?bar=2")
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(name="foo", value="1"),
            URL.from_text("https://example.com/a/b/?bar=2&foo=3"),
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(name="foo", limit=1),
            URL.from_text("https://example.com/a/b/?bar=2&foo=3"),
        )

        self.assertEqual(
            url.remove(name="foo", value="1", limit=0),
            URL.from_text("https://example.com/a/b/?foo=1&bar=2&foo=3"),
        )

    def test_parseEqualSignInParamValue(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Every C{=}-sign after the first in a query parameter is simply included
        in the value of the parameter.
        """
        u = URL.from_text("http://localhost/?=x=x=x")
        self.assertEqual(u.get(""), ["x=x=x"])
        self.assertEqual(u.to_text(), "http://localhost/?=x=x=x")
        u = URL.from_text("http://localhost/?foo=x=x=x&bar=y")
        self.assertEqual(u.query, (("foo", "x=x=x"), ("bar", "y")))
        self.assertEqual(u.to_text(), "http://localhost/?foo=x=x=x&bar=y")

        u = URL.from_text(
            "https://example.com/?argument=3&argument=4&operator=%3D"
        )
        iri = u.to_iri()
        self.assertEqual(iri.get("operator"), ["="])
        # assert that the equals is not unnecessarily escaped
        self.assertEqual(iri.to_uri().get("operator"), ["="])

    def test_empty(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        An empty L{URL} should serialize as the empty string.
        """
        self.assertEqual(URL().to_text(), "")

    def test_justQueryText(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        An L{URL} with query text should serialize as just query text.
        """
        u = URL(query=[("hello", "world")])
        self.assertEqual(u.to_text(), "?hello=world")

    def test_identicalEqual(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL} compares equal to itself.
        """
        u = URL.from_text("http://localhost/")
        self.assertEqual(u, u)

    def test_similarEqual(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        URLs with equivalent components should compare equal.
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text("http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f")
        self.assertEqual(u1, u2)

    def test_differentNotEqual(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL}s that refer to different resources are both unequal (C{!=}) and
        also not equal (not C{==}).
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text("http://localhost/a")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://localhost/b")
        self.assertFalse(u1 == u2, "%r != %r" % (u1, u2))
        self.assertNotEqual(u1, u2)

    def test_otherTypesNotEqual(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL} is not equal (C{==}) to other types.
        """
        u = URL.from_text("http://localhost/")
        self.assertFalse(u == 42, "URL must not equal a number.")
        self.assertFalse(u == object(), "URL must not equal an object.")
        self.assertNotEqual(u, 42)
        self.assertNotEqual(u, object())

    def test_identicalNotUnequal(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Identical L{URL}s are not unequal (C{!=}) to each other.
        """
        u = URL.from_text("http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f")
        self.assertFalse(u != u, "%r == itself" % u)

    def test_similarNotUnequal(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Structurally similar L{URL}s are not unequal (C{!=}) to each other.
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text("http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://u@localhost:8080/p/a/t/h?q=p#f")
        self.assertFalse(u1 != u2, "%r == %r" % (u1, u2))

    def test_differentUnequal(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Structurally different L{URL}s are unequal (C{!=}) to each other.
        """
        u1 = URL.from_text("http://localhost/a")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://localhost/b")
        self.assertTrue(u1 != u2, "%r == %r" % (u1, u2))

    def test_otherTypesUnequal(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL} is unequal (C{!=}) to other types.
        """
        u = URL.from_text("http://localhost/")
        self.assertTrue(u != 42, "URL must differ from a number.")
        self.assertTrue(u != object(), "URL must be differ from an object.")

    def test_asURI(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.asURI} produces an URI which converts any URI unicode encoding
        into pure US-ASCII and returns a new L{URL}.
        """
        unicodey = (
            "http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/"
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
            "?\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}="
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
            "#\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER U}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
        )
        iri = URL.from_text(unicodey)
        uri = iri.asURI()
        self.assertEqual(iri.host, "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com")
        self.assertEqual(
            iri.path[0], "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
        )
        self.assertEqual(iri.to_text(), unicodey)
        expectedURI = "http://xn--9ca.com/%C3%A9?%C3%A1=%C3%AD#%C3%BA"
        actualURI = uri.to_text()
        self.assertEqual(
            actualURI, expectedURI, "%r != %r" % (actualURI, expectedURI)
        )

    def test_asIRI(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.asIRI} decodes any percent-encoded text in the URI, making it
        more suitable for reading by humans, and returns a new L{URL}.
        """
        asciiish = "http://xn--9ca.com/%C3%A9?%C3%A1=%C3%AD#%C3%BA"
        uri = URL.from_text(asciiish)
        iri = uri.asIRI()
        self.assertEqual(uri.host, "xn--9ca.com")
        self.assertEqual(uri.path[0], "%C3%A9")
        self.assertEqual(uri.to_text(), asciiish)
        expectedIRI = (
            "http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/"
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}"
            "?\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE}="
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE}"
            "#\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE}"
        )
        actualIRI = iri.to_text()
        self.assertEqual(
            actualIRI, expectedIRI, "%r != %r" % (actualIRI, expectedIRI)
        )

    def test_badUTF8AsIRI(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Bad UTF-8 in a path segment, query parameter, or fragment results in
        that portion of the URI remaining percent-encoded in the IRI.
        """
        urlWithBinary = "http://xn--9ca.com/%00%FF/%C3%A9"
        uri = URL.from_text(urlWithBinary)
        iri = uri.asIRI()
        expectedIRI = (
            "http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/"
            "%00%FF/"
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}"
        )
        actualIRI = iri.to_text()
        self.assertEqual(
            actualIRI, expectedIRI, "%r != %r" % (actualIRI, expectedIRI)
        )

    def test_alreadyIRIAsIRI(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        A L{URL} composed of non-ASCII text will result in non-ASCII text.
        """
        unicodey = (
            "http://\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE}.com/"
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER E}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
            "?\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER A}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}="
            "\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER I}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
            "#\N{LATIN SMALL LETTER U}\N{COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT}"
        )
        iri = URL.from_text(unicodey)
        alsoIRI = iri.asIRI()
        self.assertEqual(alsoIRI.to_text(), unicodey)

    def test_alreadyURIAsURI(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        A L{URL} composed of encoded text will remain encoded.
        """
        expectedURI = "http://xn--9ca.com/%C3%A9?%C3%A1=%C3%AD#%C3%BA"
        uri = URL.from_text(expectedURI)
        actualURI = uri.asURI().to_text()
        self.assertEqual(actualURI, expectedURI)

    def test_userinfo(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.from_text} will parse the C{userinfo} portion of the URI
        separately from the host and port.
        """
        url = URL.from_text(
            "http://someuser:somepassword@example.com/some-segment@ignore"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            url.authority(True), "someuser:somepassword@example.com"
        )
        self.assertEqual(url.authority(False), "someuser:@example.com")
        self.assertEqual(url.userinfo, "someuser:somepassword")
        self.assertEqual(url.user, "someuser")
        self.assertEqual(
            url.to_text(), "http://someuser:@example.com/some-segment@ignore"
        )
        self.assertEqual(
            url.replace(userinfo="someuser").to_text(),
            "http://someuser@example.com/some-segment@ignore",
        )

    def test_portText(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        L{URL.from_text} parses custom port numbers as integers.
        """
        portURL = URL.from_text("http://www.example.com:8080/")
        self.assertEqual(portURL.port, 8080)
        self.assertEqual(portURL.to_text(), "http://www.example.com:8080/")

    def test_mailto(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Although L{URL} instances are mainly for dealing with HTTP, other
        schemes (such as C{mailto:}) should work as well.  For example,
        L{URL.from_text}/L{URL.to_text} round-trips cleanly for a C{mailto:}
        URL representing an email address.
        """
        self.assertEqual(
            URL.from_text("mailto:user@example.com").to_text(),
            "mailto:user@example.com",
        )

    def test_httpWithoutHost(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        An HTTP URL without a hostname, but with a path, should also round-trip
        cleanly.
        """
        without_host = URL.from_text("http:relative-path")
        self.assertEqual(without_host.host, "")
        self.assertEqual(without_host.path, ("relative-path",))
        self.assertEqual(without_host.uses_netloc, False)
        self.assertEqual(without_host.to_text(), "http:relative-path")

    def test_queryIterable(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        When a L{URL} is created with a C{query} argument, the C{query}
        argument is converted into an N-tuple of 2-tuples, sensibly
        handling dictionaries.
        """
        expected = (("alpha", "beta"),)
        url = URL(query=[("alpha", "beta")])
        self.assertEqual(url.query, expected)
        url = URL(query={"alpha": "beta"})
        self.assertEqual(url.query, expected)

    def test_pathIterable(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        When a L{URL} is created with a C{path} argument, the C{path} is
        converted into a tuple.
        """
        url = URL(path=["hello", "world"])
        self.assertEqual(url.path, ("hello", "world"))

    def test_invalidArguments(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Passing an argument of the wrong type to any of the constructor
        arguments of L{URL} will raise a descriptive L{TypeError}.

        L{URL} typechecks very aggressively to ensure that its constitutent
        parts are all properly immutable and to prevent confusing errors when
        bad data crops up in a method call long after the code that called the
        constructor is off the stack.
        """

        class Unexpected(object):
            def __str__(self):
                # type: () -> str
                return "wrong"

            def __repr__(self):
                # type: () -> str
                return "<unexpected>"

        defaultExpectation = "unicode" if bytes is str else "str"

        def assertRaised(raised, expectation, name):
            # type: (Any, Text, Text) -> None
            self.assertEqual(
                str(raised.exception),
                "expected {0} for {1}, got {2}".format(
                    expectation, name, "<unexpected>"
                ),
            )

        def check(param, expectation=defaultExpectation):
            # type: (Any, str) -> None
            with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
                URL(**{param: Unexpected()})  # type: ignore[arg-type]

            assertRaised(raised, expectation, param)

        check("scheme")
        check("host")
        check("fragment")
        check("rooted", "bool")
        check("userinfo")
        check("port", "int or NoneType")

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(path=[cast(Text, Unexpected())])

        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "path segment")

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(query=[("name", cast(Text, Unexpected()))])

        assertRaised(
            raised, defaultExpectation + " or NoneType", "query parameter value"
        )

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(query=[(cast(Text, Unexpected()), "value")])

        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "query parameter name")
        # No custom error message for this one, just want to make sure
        # non-2-tuples don't get through.

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            URL(query=[cast(Tuple[Text, Text], Unexpected())])

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            URL(query=[cast(Tuple[Text, Text], ("k", "v", "vv"))])

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            URL(query=[cast(Tuple[Text, Text], ("k",))])

        url = URL.from_text("https://valid.example.com/")
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            url.child(cast(Text, Unexpected()))
        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "path segment")
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            url.sibling(cast(Text, Unexpected()))
        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "path segment")
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            url.click(cast(Text, Unexpected()))
        assertRaised(raised, defaultExpectation, "relative URL")

    def test_technicallyTextIsIterableBut(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        Technically, L{str} (or L{unicode}, as appropriate) is iterable, but
        C{URL(path="foo")} resulting in C{URL.from_text("f/o/o")} is never what
        you want.
        """
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as raised:
            URL(path="foo")
        self.assertEqual(
            str(raised.exception),
            "expected iterable of text for path, not: {0}".format(repr("foo")),
        )

    def test_netloc(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url = URL(scheme="https")
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, True)
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "https://")
        # scheme, no host, no path, no netloc hack
        self.assertEqual(URL.from_text("https:").uses_netloc, False)
        # scheme, no host, absolute path, no netloc hack
        self.assertEqual(URL.from_text("https:/").uses_netloc, False)
        # scheme, no host, no path, netloc hack to indicate :// syntax
        self.assertEqual(URL.from_text("https://").uses_netloc, True)

        url = URL(scheme="https", uses_netloc=False)
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, False)
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "https:")

        url = URL(scheme="git+https")
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, True)
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "git+https://")

        url = URL(scheme="mailto")
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, False)
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "mailto:")

        url = URL(scheme="ztp")
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, None)
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "ztp:")

        url = URL.from_text("ztp://test.com")
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, True)

        url = URL.from_text("ztp:test:com")
        self.assertEqual(url.uses_netloc, False)

    def test_ipv6_with_port(self):
        # type: () -> None
        t = "https://[2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334]:80/"
        url = URL.from_text(t)
        assert url.host == "2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334"
        assert url.port == 80
        assert SCHEME_PORT_MAP[url.scheme] != url.port

    def test_basic(self):
        # type: () -> None
        text = "https://user:pass@example.com/path/to/here?k=v#nice"
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.scheme == "https"
        assert url.userinfo == "user:pass"
        assert url.host == "example.com"
        assert url.path == ("path", "to", "here")
        assert url.fragment == "nice"

        text = "https://user:pass@127.0.0.1/path/to/here?k=v#nice"
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.scheme == "https"
        assert url.userinfo == "user:pass"
        assert url.host == "127.0.0.1"
        assert url.path == ("path", "to", "here")

        text = "https://user:pass@[::1]/path/to/here?k=v#nice"
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert url.scheme == "https"
        assert url.userinfo == "user:pass"
        assert url.host == "::1"
        assert url.path == ("path", "to", "here")

    def test_invalid_url(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "#\n\n")

    def test_invalid_authority_url(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://abc:\n\n/#")

    def test_invalid_ipv6(self):
        # type: () -> None
        invalid_ipv6_ips = [
            "2001::0234:C1ab::A0:aabc:003F",
            "2001::1::3F",
            ":",
            "::::",
            "::256.0.0.1",
        ]
        for ip in invalid_ipv6_ips:
            url_text = "http://[" + ip + "]"
            self.assertRaises(socket.error, inet_pton, socket.AF_INET6, ip)
            self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, url_text)

    def test_invalid_port(self):
        # type: () -> None
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "ftp://portmouth:smash")
        self.assertRaises(
            ValueError,
            URL.from_text,
            "http://reader.googlewebsite.com:neverforget",
        )

    def test_idna(self):
        # type: () -> None
        u1 = URL.from_text("http://bücher.ch")
        self.assertEqual(u1.host, "bücher.ch")
        self.assertEqual(u1.to_text(), "http://bücher.ch")
        self.assertEqual(u1.to_uri().to_text(), "http://xn--bcher-kva.ch")

        u2 = URL.from_text("https://xn--bcher-kva.ch")
        self.assertEqual(u2.host, "xn--bcher-kva.ch")
        self.assertEqual(u2.to_text(), "https://xn--bcher-kva.ch")
        self.assertEqual(u2.to_iri().to_text(), "https://bücher.ch")

    def test_netloc_slashes(self):
        # type: () -> None

        # basic sanity checks
        url = URL.from_text("mailto:mahmoud@hatnote.com")
        self.assertEqual(url.scheme, "mailto")
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "mailto:mahmoud@hatnote.com")

        url = URL.from_text("http://hatnote.com")
        self.assertEqual(url.scheme, "http")
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "http://hatnote.com")

        # test that unrecognized schemes stay consistent with '//'
        url = URL.from_text("newscheme:a:b:c")
        self.assertEqual(url.scheme, "newscheme")
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "newscheme:a:b:c")

        url = URL.from_text("newerscheme://a/b/c")
        self.assertEqual(url.scheme, "newerscheme")
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "newerscheme://a/b/c")

        # test that reasonable guesses are made
        url = URL.from_text("git+ftp://gitstub.biz/glyph/lefkowitz")
        self.assertEqual(url.scheme, "git+ftp")
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "git+ftp://gitstub.biz/glyph/lefkowitz")

        url = URL.from_text("what+mailto:freerealestate@enotuniq.org")
        self.assertEqual(url.scheme, "what+mailto")
        self.assertEqual(
            url.to_text(), "what+mailto:freerealestate@enotuniq.org"
        )

        url = URL(scheme="ztp", path=("x", "y", "z"), rooted=True)
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "ztp:/x/y/z")

        # also works when the input doesn't include '//'
        url = URL(
            scheme="git+ftp",
            path=("x", "y", "z", ""),
            rooted=True,
            uses_netloc=True,
        )
        # broken bc urlunsplit
        self.assertEqual(url.to_text(), "git+ftp:///x/y/z/")

        # really why would this ever come up but ok
        url = URL.from_text("file:///path/to/heck")
        url2 = url.replace(scheme="mailto")
        self.assertEqual(url2.to_text(), "mailto:/path/to/heck")

        url_text = "unregisteredscheme:///a/b/c"
        url = URL.from_text(url_text)
        no_netloc_url = url.replace(uses_netloc=False)
        self.assertEqual(no_netloc_url.to_text(), "unregisteredscheme:/a/b/c")
        netloc_url = url.replace(uses_netloc=True)
        self.assertEqual(netloc_url.to_text(), url_text)

        return

    def test_rooted_to_relative(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        On host-relative URLs, the C{rooted} flag can be updated to indicate
        that the path should no longer be treated as absolute.
        """
        a = URL(path=["hello"])
        self.assertEqual(a.to_text(), "hello")
        b = a.replace(rooted=True)
        self.assertEqual(b.to_text(), "/hello")
        self.assertNotEqual(a, b)

    def test_autorooted(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        The C{rooted} flag can be updated in some cases, but it cannot be made
        to conflict with other facts surrounding the URL; for example, all URLs
        involving an authority (host) are inherently rooted because it is not
        syntactically possible to express otherwise; also, once an unrooted URL
        gains a path that starts with an empty string, that empty string is
        elided and it becomes rooted, because these cases are syntactically
        indistinguisable in real URL text.
        """
        relative_path_rooted = URL(path=["", "foo"], rooted=False)
        self.assertEqual(relative_path_rooted.rooted, True)
        relative_flag_rooted = URL(path=["foo"], rooted=True)
        self.assertEqual(relative_flag_rooted.rooted, True)
        self.assertEqual(relative_path_rooted, relative_flag_rooted)

        attempt_unrooted_absolute = URL(host="foo", path=["bar"], rooted=False)
        normal_absolute = URL(host="foo", path=["bar"])
        self.assertEqual(attempt_unrooted_absolute, normal_absolute)
        self.assertEqual(normal_absolute.rooted, True)
        self.assertEqual(attempt_unrooted_absolute.rooted, True)

    def test_rooted_with_port_but_no_host(self):
        # type: () -> None
        """
        URLs which include a ``://`` netloc-separator for any reason are
        inherently rooted, regardless of the value or presence of the
        ``rooted`` constructor argument.

        They may include a netloc-separator because their constructor was
        directly invoked with an explicit host or port, or because they were
        parsed from a string which included the literal ``://`` separator.
        """
        directly_constructed = URL(scheme="udp", port=4900, rooted=False)
        directly_constructed_implict = URL(scheme="udp", port=4900)
        directly_constructed_rooted = URL(scheme="udp", port=4900, rooted=True)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed.rooted, True)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed_implict.rooted, True)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed_rooted.rooted, True)
        parsed = URL.from_text("udp://:4900")
        self.assertEqual(str(directly_constructed), str(parsed))
        self.assertEqual(str(directly_constructed_implict), str(parsed))
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed.asText(), parsed.asText())
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed, parsed)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed, directly_constructed_implict)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed, directly_constructed_rooted)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed_implict, parsed)
        self.assertEqual(directly_constructed_rooted, parsed)

    def test_wrong_constructor(self):
        # type: () -> None
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            # whole URL not allowed
            URL(BASIC_URL)
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            # explicitly bad scheme not allowed
            URL("HTTP_____more_like_imHoTTeP")

    def test_encoded_userinfo(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url = URL.from_text("http://user:pass@example.com")
        assert url.userinfo == "user:pass"
        url = url.replace(userinfo="us%20her:pass")
        iri = url.to_iri()
        assert (
            iri.to_text(with_password=True) == "http://us her:pass@example.com"
        )
        assert iri.to_text(with_password=False) == "http://us her:@example.com"
        assert (
            iri.to_uri().to_text(with_password=True)
            == "http://us%20her:pass@example.com"
        )

    def test_hash(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url_map = {}
        url1 = URL.from_text("http://blog.hatnote.com/ask?utm_source=geocity")
        assert hash(url1) == hash(url1)  # sanity

        url_map[url1] = 1

        url2 = URL.from_text("http://blog.hatnote.com/ask")
        url2 = url2.set("utm_source", "geocity")

        url_map[url2] = 2

        assert len(url_map) == 1
        assert list(url_map.values()) == [2]

        assert hash(URL()) == hash(URL())  # slightly more sanity

    def test_dir(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url = URL()
        res = dir(url)

        assert len(res) > 15
        # twisted compat
        assert "fromText" not in res
        assert "asText" not in res
        assert "asURI" not in res
        assert "asIRI" not in res

    def test_twisted_compat(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url = URL.fromText("http://example.com/a%20té%C3%A9st")
        assert url.asText() == "http://example.com/a%20té%C3%A9st"
        assert url.asURI().asText() == "http://example.com/a%20t%C3%A9%C3%A9st"
        # TODO: assert url.asIRI().asText() == u'http://example.com/a%20téést'

    def test_set_ordering(self):
        # type: () -> None

        # TODO
        url = URL.from_text("http://example.com/?a=b&c")
        url = url.set("x", "x")
        url = url.add("x", "y")
        assert url.to_text() == "http://example.com/?a=b&x=x&c&x=y"
        # Would expect:
        # assert url.to_text() == u'http://example.com/?a=b&c&x=x&x=y'

    def test_schemeless_path(self):
        # type: () -> None
        "See issue #4"
        u1 = URL.from_text("urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob")
        u2 = URL.from_text(u1.to_text())
        assert u1 == u2  # sanity testing roundtripping

        u3 = URL.from_text(u1.to_iri().to_text())
        assert u1 == u3
        assert u2 == u3

        # test that colons are ok past the first segment
        u4 = URL.from_text("first-segment/urn%3Aietf%3Awg%3Aoauth%3A2.0%3Aoob")
        u5 = u4.to_iri()
        assert u5.to_text() == "first-segment/urn:ietf:wg:oauth:2.0:oob"

        u6 = URL.from_text(u5.to_text()).to_uri()
        assert u5 == u6  # colons stay decoded bc they're not in the first seg

    def test_emoji_domain(self):
        # type: () -> None
        "See issue #7, affecting only narrow builds (2.6-3.3)"
        url = URL.from_text("https://xn--vi8hiv.ws")
        iri = url.to_iri()
        iri.to_text()
        # as long as we don't get ValueErrors, we're good

    def test_delim_in_param(self):
        # type: () -> None
        "Per issue #6 and #8"
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, scheme="http", host="a/c")
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, path=("?",))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, path=("#",))
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, URL, query=(("&", "test")))

    def test_empty_paths_eq(self):
        # type: () -> None
        u1 = URL.from_text("http://example.com/")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://example.com")

        assert u1 == u2

        u1 = URL.from_text("http://example.com")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://example.com")

        assert u1 == u2

        u1 = URL.from_text("http://example.com")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://example.com/")

        assert u1 == u2

        u1 = URL.from_text("http://example.com/")
        u2 = URL.from_text("http://example.com/")

        assert u1 == u2

    def test_from_text_type(self):
        # type: () -> None
        assert URL.from_text("#ok").fragment == "ok"  # sanity
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, URL.from_text, b"bytes://x.y.z")
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, URL.from_text, object())

    def test_from_text_bad_authority(self):
        # type: () -> None

        # bad ipv6 brackets
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://[::1/")
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://::1]/")
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://[[::1]/")
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://[::1]]/")

        # empty port
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://127.0.0.1:")
        # non-integer port
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://127.0.0.1:hi")
        # extra port colon (makes for an invalid host)
        self.assertRaises(URLParseError, URL.from_text, "http://127.0.0.1::80")

    def test_normalize(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url = URL.from_text("HTTP://Example.com/A%61/./../A%61?B%62=C%63#D%64")
        assert url.get("Bb") == []
        assert url.get("B%62") == ["C%63"]
        assert len(url.path) == 4

        # test that most expected normalizations happen
        norm_url = url.normalize()

        assert norm_url.scheme == "http"
        assert norm_url.host == "example.com"
        assert norm_url.path == ("Aa",)
        assert norm_url.get("Bb") == ["Cc"]
        assert norm_url.fragment == "Dd"
        assert norm_url.to_text() == "http://example.com/Aa?Bb=Cc#Dd"

        # test that flags work
        noop_norm_url = url.normalize(
            scheme=False, host=False, path=False, query=False, fragment=False
        )
        assert noop_norm_url == url

        # test that empty paths get at least one slash
        slashless_url = URL.from_text("http://example.io")
        slashful_url = slashless_url.normalize()
        assert slashful_url.to_text() == "http://example.io/"

        # test case normalization for percent encoding
        delimited_url = URL.from_text("/a%2fb/cd%3f?k%3d=v%23#test")
        norm_delimited_url = delimited_url.normalize()
        assert norm_delimited_url.to_text() == "/a%2Fb/cd%3F?k%3D=v%23#test"

        # test invalid percent encoding during normalize
        assert (
            URL(path=("", "%te%sts")).normalize(percents=False).to_text()
            == "/%te%sts"
        )
        assert URL(path=("", "%te%sts")).normalize().to_text() == "/%25te%25sts"

        percenty_url = URL(
            scheme="ftp",
            path=["%%%", "%a%b"],
            query=[("%", "%%")],
            fragment="%",
            userinfo="%:%",
        )

        assert (
            percenty_url.to_text(with_password=True)
            == "ftp://%:%@/%%%/%a%b?%=%%#%"
        )
        assert (
            percenty_url.normalize().to_text(with_password=True)
            == "ftp://%25:%25@/%25%25%25/%25a%25b?%25=%25%25#%25"
        )

    def test_str(self):
        # type: () -> None

        # see also issue #49
        text = "http://example.com/á/y%20a%20y/?b=%25"
        url = URL.from_text(text)
        assert unicode(url) == text
        assert bytes(url) == b"http://example.com/%C3%A1/y%20a%20y/?b=%25"

        if PY2:
            assert isinstance(str(url), bytes)
            assert isinstance(unicode(url), unicode)
        else:
            assert isinstance(str(url), unicode)
            assert isinstance(bytes(url), bytes)

    def test_idna_corners(self):
        # type: () -> None
        url = URL.from_text("http://abé.com/")
        assert url.to_iri().host == "abé.com"
        assert url.to_uri().host == "xn--ab-cja.com"

        url = URL.from_text("http://ドメイン.テスト.co.jp#test")
        assert url.to_iri().host == "ドメイン.テスト.co.jp"
        assert url.to_uri().host == "xn--eckwd4c7c.xn--zckzah.co.jp"

        assert url.to_uri().get_decoded_url().host == "ドメイン.テスト.co.jp"

        text = "http://Example.com"
        assert (
            URL.from_text(text).to_uri().get_decoded_url().host == "example.com"
        )
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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