Current File : //proc/self/root/usr/lib/python3/dist-packages/cloudinit/net/network_state.py
# Copyright (C) 2017 Canonical Ltd.
#
# Author: Ryan Harper <ryan.harper@canonical.com>
#
# This file is part of cloud-init. See LICENSE file for license information.

import copy
import functools
import logging
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Any, Dict, Optional

from cloudinit import lifecycle, safeyaml, util
from cloudinit.net import (
    find_interface_name_from_mac,
    get_interfaces_by_mac,
    ipv4_mask_to_net_prefix,
    ipv6_mask_to_net_prefix,
    is_ip_network,
    is_ipv4_network,
    is_ipv6_address,
    is_ipv6_network,
    net_prefix_to_ipv4_mask,
)

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from cloudinit.net.renderer import Renderer

LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)

NETWORK_STATE_VERSION = 1
NETWORK_STATE_REQUIRED_KEYS = {
    1: ["version", "config", "network_state"],
}
NETWORK_V2_KEY_FILTER = [
    "addresses",
    "dhcp4",
    "dhcp4-overrides",
    "dhcp6",
    "dhcp6-overrides",
    "gateway4",
    "gateway6",
    "interfaces",
    "match",
    "mtu",
    "nameservers",
    "renderer",
    "set-name",
    "wakeonlan",
    "accept-ra",
    "optional",
]

NET_CONFIG_TO_V2: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {
    "bond": {
        "bond-ad-select": "ad-select",
        "bond-arp-interval": "arp-interval",
        "bond-arp-ip-target": "arp-ip-target",
        "bond-arp-validate": "arp-validate",
        "bond-downdelay": "down-delay",
        "bond-fail-over-mac": "fail-over-mac-policy",
        "bond-lacp-rate": "lacp-rate",
        "bond-miimon": "mii-monitor-interval",
        "bond-min-links": "min-links",
        "bond-mode": "mode",
        "bond-num-grat-arp": "gratuitous-arp",
        "bond-primary": "primary",
        "bond-primary-reselect": "primary-reselect-policy",
        "bond-updelay": "up-delay",
        "bond-xmit-hash-policy": "transmit-hash-policy",
    },
    "bridge": {
        "bridge_ageing": "ageing-time",
        "bridge_bridgeprio": "priority",
        "bridge_fd": "forward-delay",
        "bridge_gcint": None,
        "bridge_hello": "hello-time",
        "bridge_maxage": "max-age",
        "bridge_maxwait": None,
        "bridge_pathcost": "path-cost",
        "bridge_portprio": "port-priority",
        "bridge_stp": "stp",
        "bridge_waitport": None,
    },
}


def warn_deprecated_all_devices(dikt: dict) -> None:
    """Warn about deprecations of v2 properties for all devices"""
    if "gateway4" in dikt or "gateway6" in dikt:
        lifecycle.deprecate(
            deprecated="The use of `gateway4` and `gateway6`",
            deprecated_version="22.4",
            extra_message="For more info check out: "
            "https://docs.cloud-init.io/en/latest/topics/network-config-format-v2.html",  # noqa: E501
        )


def diff_keys(expected, actual):
    missing = set(expected)
    for key in actual:
        missing.discard(key)
    return missing


class InvalidCommand(Exception):
    pass


def ensure_command_keys(required_keys):
    def wrapper(func):
        @functools.wraps(func)
        def decorator(self, command, *args, **kwargs):
            if required_keys:
                missing_keys = diff_keys(required_keys, command)
                if missing_keys:
                    raise InvalidCommand(
                        "Command missing %s of required keys %s"
                        % (missing_keys, required_keys)
                    )
            return func(self, command, *args, **kwargs)

        return decorator

    return wrapper


class NetworkState:
    def __init__(
        self, network_state: dict, version: int = NETWORK_STATE_VERSION
    ):
        self._network_state = copy.deepcopy(network_state)
        self._version = version
        self.use_ipv6 = network_state.get("use_ipv6", False)
        self._has_default_route = None

    @property
    def config(self) -> dict:
        return self._network_state["config"]

    @property
    def version(self):
        return self._version

    @property
    def dns_nameservers(self):
        try:
            return self._network_state["dns"]["nameservers"]
        except KeyError:
            return []

    @property
    def dns_searchdomains(self):
        try:
            return self._network_state["dns"]["search"]
        except KeyError:
            return []

    @property
    def has_default_route(self):
        if self._has_default_route is None:
            self._has_default_route = self._maybe_has_default_route()
        return self._has_default_route

    def iter_interfaces(self, filter_func=None):
        ifaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces", {})
        for iface in ifaces.values():
            if filter_func is None:
                yield iface
            else:
                if filter_func(iface):
                    yield iface

    def iter_routes(self, filter_func=None):
        for route in self._network_state.get("routes", []):
            if filter_func is not None:
                if filter_func(route):
                    yield route
            else:
                yield route

    def _maybe_has_default_route(self):
        for route in self.iter_routes():
            if self._is_default_route(route):
                return True
        for iface in self.iter_interfaces():
            for subnet in iface.get("subnets", []):
                for route in subnet.get("routes", []):
                    if self._is_default_route(route):
                        return True
        return False

    def _is_default_route(self, route):
        default_nets = ("::", "0.0.0.0")
        return (
            route.get("prefix") == 0 and route.get("network") in default_nets
        )

    @classmethod
    def to_passthrough(cls, network_state: dict) -> "NetworkState":
        """Instantiates a `NetworkState` without interpreting its data.

        That means only `config` and `version` are copied.

        :param network_state: Network state data.
        :return: Instance of `NetworkState`.
        """
        kwargs = {}
        if "version" in network_state:
            kwargs["version"] = network_state["version"]
        return cls({"config": network_state}, **kwargs)


class NetworkStateInterpreter:
    initial_network_state = {
        "interfaces": {},
        "routes": [],
        "dns": {
            "nameservers": [],
            "search": [],
        },
        "use_ipv6": False,
        "config": None,
    }

    def __init__(
        self,
        version=NETWORK_STATE_VERSION,
        config=None,
        renderer: "Optional[Renderer]" = None,
    ):
        self._version = version
        self._config = config
        self._network_state = copy.deepcopy(self.initial_network_state)
        self._network_state["config"] = config
        self._parsed = False
        self._interface_dns_map: dict = {}
        self._renderer = renderer
        self.command_handlers = {
            "bond": self.handle_bond,
            "bonds": self.handle_bonds,
            "bridge": self.handle_bridge,
            "bridges": self.handle_bridges,
            "ethernets": self.handle_ethernets,
            "infiniband": self.handle_infiniband,
            "loopback": self.handle_loopback,
            "nameserver": self.handle_nameserver,
            "physical": self.handle_physical,
            "route": self.handle_route,
            "vlan": self.handle_vlan,
            "vlans": self.handle_vlans,
            "wifis": self.handle_wifis,
        }

    @property
    def network_state(self) -> NetworkState:
        from cloudinit.net.netplan import Renderer as NetplanRenderer

        if self._version == 2 and isinstance(self._renderer, NetplanRenderer):
            LOG.debug("Passthrough netplan v2 config")
            return NetworkState.to_passthrough(self._config)
        return NetworkState(self._network_state, version=self._version)

    @property
    def use_ipv6(self):
        return self._network_state.get("use_ipv6")

    @use_ipv6.setter
    def use_ipv6(self, val):
        self._network_state.update({"use_ipv6": val})

    def dump(self):
        state = {
            "version": self._version,
            "config": self._config,
            "network_state": self._network_state,
        }
        return safeyaml.dumps(state)

    def load(self, state):
        if "version" not in state:
            LOG.error("Invalid state, missing version field")
            raise ValueError("Invalid state, missing version field")

        required_keys = NETWORK_STATE_REQUIRED_KEYS[state["version"]]
        missing_keys = diff_keys(required_keys, state)
        if missing_keys:
            msg = "Invalid state, missing keys: %s" % (missing_keys)
            LOG.error(msg)
            raise ValueError(msg)

        # v1 - direct attr mapping, except version
        for key in [k for k in required_keys if k not in ["version"]]:
            setattr(self, key, state[key])

    def dump_network_state(self):
        return safeyaml.dumps(self._network_state)

    def as_dict(self):
        return {"version": self._version, "config": self._config}

    def parse_config(self, skip_broken=True):
        if self._version == 1:
            self.parse_config_v1(skip_broken=skip_broken)
            self._parsed = True
        elif self._version == 2:
            self.parse_config_v2(skip_broken=skip_broken)
            self._parsed = True

    def parse_config_v1(self, skip_broken=True):
        for command in self._config:
            command_type = command["type"]
            try:
                handler = self.command_handlers[command_type]
            except KeyError as e:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "No handler found for  command '%s'" % command_type
                ) from e
            try:
                handler(command)
            except InvalidCommand:
                if not skip_broken:
                    raise
                else:
                    LOG.warning(
                        "Skipping invalid command: %s", command, exc_info=True
                    )
                    LOG.debug(self.dump_network_state())
        for interface, dns in self._interface_dns_map.items():
            iface = None
            try:
                iface = self._network_state["interfaces"][interface]
            except KeyError as e:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Nameserver specified for interface {0}, "
                    "but interface {0} does not exist!".format(interface)
                ) from e
            if iface:
                nameservers, search = dns
                iface["dns"] = {
                    "nameservers": nameservers,
                    "search": search,
                }

    def parse_config_v2(self, skip_broken=True):
        from cloudinit.net.netplan import Renderer as NetplanRenderer

        if isinstance(self._renderer, NetplanRenderer):
            # Nothing to parse as we are going to perform a Netplan passthrough
            return

        for command_type, command in self._config.items():
            if command_type in ["version", "renderer"]:
                continue
            try:
                handler = self.command_handlers[command_type]
            except KeyError as e:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "No handler found for command '%s'" % command_type
                ) from e
            try:
                handler(command)
                self._v2_common(command)
            except InvalidCommand:
                if not skip_broken:
                    raise
                else:
                    LOG.warning(
                        "Skipping invalid command: %s", command, exc_info=True
                    )
                    LOG.debug(self.dump_network_state())

    @ensure_command_keys(["name"])
    def handle_loopback(self, command):
        return self.handle_physical(command)

    @ensure_command_keys(["name"])
    def handle_physical(self, command):
        """
        command = {
            'type': 'physical',
            'mac_address': 'c0:d6:9f:2c:e8:80',
            'name': 'eth0',
            'subnets': [
                {'type': 'dhcp4'}
             ],
            'accept-ra': 'true'
        }
        """

        interfaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces", {})
        iface = interfaces.get(command["name"], {})
        for param, val in command.get("params", {}).items():
            iface.update({param: val})

        # convert subnet ipv6 netmask to cidr as needed
        subnets = _normalize_subnets(command.get("subnets"))

        # automatically set 'use_ipv6' if any addresses are ipv6
        if not self.use_ipv6:
            for subnet in subnets:
                if subnet.get("type").endswith("6") or is_ipv6_address(
                    subnet.get("address")
                ):
                    self.use_ipv6 = True
                    break

        accept_ra = command.get("accept-ra", None)
        if accept_ra is not None:
            accept_ra = util.is_true(accept_ra)
        wakeonlan = command.get("wakeonlan", None)
        if wakeonlan is not None:
            wakeonlan = util.is_true(wakeonlan)
        optional = command.get("optional", None)
        if optional is not None:
            optional = util.is_true(optional)
        iface.update(
            {
                "config_id": command.get("config_id"),
                "name": command.get("name"),
                "type": command.get("type"),
                "mac_address": command.get("mac_address"),
                "inet": "inet",
                "mode": "manual",
                "mtu": command.get("mtu"),
                "address": None,
                "gateway": None,
                "subnets": subnets,
                "accept-ra": accept_ra,
                "wakeonlan": wakeonlan,
                "optional": optional,
            }
        )
        iface_key = command.get("config_id", command.get("name"))
        self._network_state["interfaces"].update({iface_key: iface})
        self.dump_network_state()

    @ensure_command_keys(["name", "vlan_id", "vlan_link"])
    def handle_vlan(self, command):
        """
        auto eth0.222
        iface eth0.222 inet static
                address 10.10.10.1
                netmask 255.255.255.0
                hwaddress ether BC:76:4E:06:96:B3
                vlan-raw-device eth0
        """
        interfaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces", {})
        self.handle_physical(command)
        iface = interfaces.get(command.get("name"), {})
        iface["vlan-raw-device"] = command.get("vlan_link")
        iface["vlan_id"] = command.get("vlan_id")
        interfaces.update({iface["name"]: iface})

    @ensure_command_keys(["name", "bond_interfaces", "params"])
    def handle_bond(self, command):
        """
        #/etc/network/interfaces
        auto eth0
        iface eth0 inet manual
            bond-master bond0
            bond-mode 802.3ad

        auto eth1
        iface eth1 inet manual
            bond-master bond0
            bond-mode 802.3ad

        auto bond0
        iface bond0 inet static
             address 192.168.0.10
             gateway 192.168.0.1
             netmask 255.255.255.0
             bond-slaves none
             bond-mode 802.3ad
             bond-miimon 100
             bond-downdelay 200
             bond-updelay 200
             bond-lacp-rate 4
        """

        self.handle_physical(command)
        interfaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces")
        iface = interfaces.get(command.get("name"), {})
        for param, val in command.get("params").items():
            iface.update({param: val})
        iface.update({"bond-slaves": "none"})
        self._network_state["interfaces"].update({iface["name"]: iface})

        # handle bond slaves
        for ifname in command.get("bond_interfaces"):
            if ifname not in interfaces:
                cmd = {
                    "name": ifname,
                    "type": "bond",
                }
                # inject placeholder
                self.handle_physical(cmd)

            interfaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces", {})
            bond_if = interfaces.get(ifname)
            bond_if["bond-master"] = command.get("name")
            # copy in bond config into slave
            for param, val in command.get("params").items():
                bond_if.update({param: val})
            self._network_state["interfaces"].update({ifname: bond_if})

    @ensure_command_keys(["name", "bridge_interfaces"])
    def handle_bridge(self, command):
        """
            auto br0
            iface br0 inet static
                    address 10.10.10.1
                    netmask 255.255.255.0
                    bridge_ports eth0 eth1
                    bridge_stp off
                    bridge_fd 0
                    bridge_maxwait 0

        bridge_params = [
            "bridge_ports",
            "bridge_ageing",
            "bridge_bridgeprio",
            "bridge_fd",
            "bridge_gcint",
            "bridge_hello",
            "bridge_hw",
            "bridge_maxage",
            "bridge_maxwait",
            "bridge_pathcost",
            "bridge_portprio",
            "bridge_stp",
            "bridge_waitport",
        ]
        """

        # find one of the bridge port ifaces to get mac_addr
        # handle bridge_slaves
        interfaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces", {})
        for ifname in command.get("bridge_interfaces"):
            if ifname in interfaces:
                continue

            cmd = {
                "name": ifname,
            }
            # inject placeholder
            self.handle_physical(cmd)

        interfaces = self._network_state.get("interfaces", {})
        self.handle_physical(command)
        iface = interfaces.get(command.get("name"), {})
        iface["bridge_ports"] = command["bridge_interfaces"]
        for param, val in command.get("params", {}).items():
            iface.update({param: val})

        # convert value to boolean
        bridge_stp = iface.get("bridge_stp")
        if bridge_stp is not None and not isinstance(bridge_stp, bool):
            if bridge_stp in ["on", "1", 1]:
                bridge_stp = True
            elif bridge_stp in ["off", "0", 0]:
                bridge_stp = False
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Cannot convert bridge_stp value ({stp}) to"
                    " boolean".format(stp=bridge_stp)
                )
            iface.update({"bridge_stp": bridge_stp})

        interfaces.update({iface["name"]: iface})

    @ensure_command_keys(["name"])
    def handle_infiniband(self, command):
        self.handle_physical(command)

    def _parse_dns(self, command):
        nameservers = []
        search = []
        if "address" in command:
            addrs = command["address"]
            if not isinstance(addrs, list):
                addrs = [addrs]
            for addr in addrs:
                nameservers.append(addr)
        if "search" in command:
            paths = command["search"]
            if not isinstance(paths, list):
                paths = [paths]
            for path in paths:
                search.append(path)
        return nameservers, search

    @ensure_command_keys(["address"])
    def handle_nameserver(self, command):
        dns = self._network_state.get("dns")
        nameservers, search = self._parse_dns(command)
        if "interface" in command:
            self._interface_dns_map[command["interface"]] = (
                nameservers,
                search,
            )
        else:
            dns["nameservers"].extend(nameservers)
            dns["search"].extend(search)

    @ensure_command_keys(["address"])
    def _handle_individual_nameserver(self, command, iface):
        _iface = self._network_state.get("interfaces")
        nameservers, search = self._parse_dns(command)
        _iface[iface]["dns"] = {"nameservers": nameservers, "search": search}

    @ensure_command_keys(["destination"])
    def handle_route(self, command):
        self._network_state["routes"].append(_normalize_route(command))

    # V2 handlers
    def handle_bonds(self, command):
        """
        v2_command = {
          bond0: {
            'interfaces': ['interface0', 'interface1'],
            'parameters': {
               'mii-monitor-interval': 100,
               'mode': '802.3ad',
               'xmit_hash_policy': 'layer3+4'}},
          bond1: {
            'bond-slaves': ['interface2', 'interface7'],
            'parameters': {
                'mode': 1,
            }
          }
        }

        v1_command = {
            'type': 'bond'
            'name': 'bond0',
            'bond_interfaces': [interface0, interface1],
            'params': {
                'bond-mode': '802.3ad',
                'bond_miimon: 100,
                'bond_xmit_hash_policy': 'layer3+4',
            }
        }

        """
        self._handle_bond_bridge(command, cmd_type="bond")

    def handle_bridges(self, command):
        """
        v2_command = {
          br0: {
            'interfaces': ['interface0', 'interface1'],
            'forward-delay': 0,
            'stp': False,
            'maxwait': 0,
          }
        }

        v1_command = {
            'type': 'bridge'
            'name': 'br0',
            'bridge_interfaces': [interface0, interface1],
            'params': {
                'bridge_stp': 'off',
                'bridge_fd: 0,
                'bridge_maxwait': 0
            }
        }

        """
        self._handle_bond_bridge(command, cmd_type="bridge")

    def handle_ethernets(self, command):
        """
        ethernets:
          eno1:
            match:
              macaddress: 00:11:22:33:44:55
              driver: hv_netvsc
            wakeonlan: true
            dhcp4: true
            dhcp6: false
            addresses:
              - 192.168.14.2/24
              - 2001:1::1/64
            gateway4: 192.168.14.1
            gateway6: 2001:1::2
            nameservers:
              search: [foo.local, bar.local]
              addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]
          lom:
            match:
              driver: ixgbe
            set-name: lom1
            dhcp6: true
            accept-ra: true
          switchports:
            match:
              name: enp2*
            mtu: 1280

        command = {
            'type': 'physical',
            'mac_address': 'c0:d6:9f:2c:e8:80',
            'name': 'eth0',
            'subnets': [
                {'type': 'dhcp4'}
             ]
        }
        """

        # Get the interfaces by MAC address to update an interface's
        # device name to the name of the device that matches a provided
        # MAC address when the set-name directive is not present.
        #
        # Please see https://bugs.launchpad.net/cloud-init/+bug/1855945
        # for more information.
        ifaces_by_mac = get_interfaces_by_mac()

        for eth, cfg in command.items():
            phy_cmd = {
                "config_id": eth,
                "type": "physical",
            }
            match = cfg.get("match", {})
            mac_address = match.get("macaddress", None)
            if not mac_address:
                LOG.debug(
                    'NetworkState Version2: missing "macaddress" info '
                    "in config entry: %s: %s",
                    eth,
                    str(cfg),
                )
            phy_cmd["mac_address"] = mac_address

            # Determine the name of the interface by using one of the
            # following in the order they are listed:
            #   * set-name
            #   * interface name looked up by mac
            #   * value of "eth" key from this loop
            name = eth
            set_name = cfg.get("set-name")
            if set_name:
                name = set_name
            elif mac_address and ifaces_by_mac:
                lcase_mac_address = mac_address.lower()
                mac = find_interface_name_from_mac(lcase_mac_address)
                if mac:
                    name = mac
            phy_cmd["name"] = name

            driver = match.get("driver", None)
            if driver:
                phy_cmd["params"] = {"driver": driver}
            for key in ["mtu", "match", "wakeonlan", "accept-ra", "optional"]:
                if key in cfg:
                    phy_cmd[key] = cfg[key]

            warn_deprecated_all_devices(cfg)

            subnets = self._v2_to_v1_ipcfg(cfg)
            if len(subnets) > 0:
                phy_cmd.update({"subnets": subnets})

            LOG.debug("v2(ethernets) -> v1(physical):\n%s", phy_cmd)
            self.handle_physical(phy_cmd)

    def handle_vlans(self, command):
        """
        v2_vlans = {
            'eth0.123': {
                'id': 123,
                'link': 'eth0',
                'dhcp4': True,
            }
        }

        v1_command = {
            'type': 'vlan',
            'name': 'eth0.123',
            'vlan_link': 'eth0',
            'vlan_id': 123,
            'subnets': [{'type': 'dhcp4'}],
        }
        """
        for vlan, cfg in command.items():
            vlan_cmd = {
                "type": "vlan",
                "name": vlan,
                "vlan_id": cfg.get("id"),
                "vlan_link": cfg.get("link"),
            }
            if "mtu" in cfg:
                vlan_cmd["mtu"] = cfg["mtu"]
            warn_deprecated_all_devices(cfg)
            subnets = self._v2_to_v1_ipcfg(cfg)
            if len(subnets) > 0:
                vlan_cmd.update({"subnets": subnets})
            LOG.debug("v2(vlans) -> v1(vlan):\n%s", vlan_cmd)
            self.handle_vlan(vlan_cmd)

    def handle_wifis(self, command):
        LOG.warning(
            "Wifi configuration is only available to distros with"
            " netplan rendering support."
        )

    def _v2_common(self, cfg) -> None:
        LOG.debug("v2_common: handling config:\n%s", cfg)
        for iface, dev_cfg in cfg.items():
            if "nameservers" in dev_cfg:
                search = dev_cfg.get("nameservers").get("search")
                dns = dev_cfg.get("nameservers").get("addresses")
                name_cmd = {"type": "nameserver"}
                if search:
                    name_cmd["search"] = search
                if dns:
                    name_cmd["address"] = dns

                self._handle_individual_nameserver(name_cmd, iface)

    def _handle_bond_bridge(self, command, cmd_type=None):
        """Common handler for bond and bridge types"""

        # inverse mapping for v2 keynames to v1 keynames
        v2key_to_v1 = dict(
            (v, k) for k, v in NET_CONFIG_TO_V2.get(cmd_type).items()
        )

        for item_name, item_cfg in command.items():
            item_params = dict(
                (key, value)
                for (key, value) in item_cfg.items()
                if key not in NETWORK_V2_KEY_FILTER
            )
            # We accept both spellings (as netplan does).  LP: #1756701
            # Normalize internally to the new spelling:
            params = item_params.get("parameters", {})
            grat_value = params.pop("gratuitious-arp", None)
            if grat_value:
                params["gratuitous-arp"] = grat_value

            v1_cmd = {
                "type": cmd_type,
                "name": item_name,
                cmd_type + "_interfaces": item_cfg.get("interfaces"),
                "params": dict((v2key_to_v1[k], v) for k, v in params.items()),
            }
            if "mtu" in item_cfg:
                v1_cmd["mtu"] = item_cfg["mtu"]

            warn_deprecated_all_devices(item_cfg)
            subnets = self._v2_to_v1_ipcfg(item_cfg)
            if len(subnets) > 0:
                v1_cmd.update({"subnets": subnets})

            LOG.debug("v2(%s) -> v1(%s):\n%s", cmd_type, cmd_type, v1_cmd)
            if cmd_type == "bridge":
                self.handle_bridge(v1_cmd)
            elif cmd_type == "bond":
                self.handle_bond(v1_cmd)
            else:
                raise ValueError(
                    "Unknown command type: {cmd_type}".format(
                        cmd_type=cmd_type
                    )
                )

    def _v2_to_v1_ipcfg(self, cfg):
        """Common ipconfig extraction from v2 to v1 subnets array."""

        def _add_dhcp_overrides(overrides, subnet):
            if "route-metric" in overrides:
                subnet["metric"] = overrides["route-metric"]

        subnets = []
        if cfg.get("dhcp4"):
            subnet = {"type": "dhcp4"}
            _add_dhcp_overrides(cfg.get("dhcp4-overrides", {}), subnet)
            subnets.append(subnet)
        if cfg.get("dhcp6"):
            subnet = {"type": "dhcp6"}
            self.use_ipv6 = True
            _add_dhcp_overrides(cfg.get("dhcp6-overrides", {}), subnet)
            subnets.append(subnet)

        gateway4 = None
        gateway6 = None
        nameservers = {}
        for address in cfg.get("addresses", []):
            subnet = {
                "type": "static",
                "address": address,
            }

            if ":" in address:
                if "gateway6" in cfg and gateway6 is None:
                    gateway6 = cfg.get("gateway6")
                    subnet.update({"gateway": gateway6})
            else:
                if "gateway4" in cfg and gateway4 is None:
                    gateway4 = cfg.get("gateway4")
                    subnet.update({"gateway": gateway4})

            if "nameservers" in cfg and not nameservers:
                addresses = cfg.get("nameservers").get("addresses")
                if addresses:
                    nameservers["dns_nameservers"] = addresses
                search = cfg.get("nameservers").get("search")
                if search:
                    nameservers["dns_search"] = search
                subnet.update(nameservers)

            subnets.append(subnet)

        routes = []
        for route in cfg.get("routes", []):
            routes.append(
                _normalize_route(
                    {
                        "destination": route.get("to"),
                        "gateway": route.get("via"),
                        "metric": route.get("metric"),
                        "mtu": route.get("mtu"),
                    }
                )
            )

        # v2 routes are bound to the interface, in v1 we add them under
        # the first subnet since there isn't an equivalent interface level.
        if len(subnets) and len(routes):
            subnets[0]["routes"] = routes

        return subnets


def _normalize_subnet(subnet):
    # Prune all keys with None values.
    subnet = copy.deepcopy(subnet)
    normal_subnet = dict((k, v) for k, v in subnet.items() if v)

    if subnet.get("type") in ("static", "static6"):
        normal_subnet.update(
            _normalize_net_keys(
                normal_subnet,
                address_keys=(
                    "address",
                    "ip_address",
                ),
            )
        )
    normal_subnet["routes"] = [
        _normalize_route(r) for r in subnet.get("routes", [])
    ]

    def listify(snet, name):
        if name in snet and not isinstance(snet[name], list):
            snet[name] = snet[name].split()

    for k in ("dns_search", "dns_nameservers"):
        listify(normal_subnet, k)

    return normal_subnet


def _normalize_net_keys(network, address_keys=()):
    """Normalize dictionary network keys returning prefix and address keys.

    @param network: A dict of network-related definition containing prefix,
        netmask and address_keys.
    @param address_keys: A tuple of keys to search for representing the address
        or cidr. The first address_key discovered will be used for
        normalization.

    @returns: A dict containing normalized prefix and matching addr_key.
    """
    net = {k: v for k, v in network.items() if v or v == 0}
    addr_key = None
    for key in address_keys:
        if net.get(key):
            addr_key = key
            break
    if not addr_key:
        message = "No config network address keys [%s] found in %s" % (
            ",".join(address_keys),
            network,
        )
        LOG.error(message)
        raise ValueError(message)

    addr = str(net.get(addr_key))
    if not is_ip_network(addr):
        LOG.error("Address %s is not a valid ip network", addr)
        raise ValueError(f"Address {addr} is not a valid ip address")

    ipv6 = is_ipv6_network(addr)
    ipv4 = is_ipv4_network(addr)

    netmask = net.get("netmask")
    if "/" in addr:
        addr_part, _, maybe_prefix = addr.partition("/")
        net[addr_key] = addr_part
        if ipv6:
            # this supports input of ffff:ffff:ffff::
            prefix = ipv6_mask_to_net_prefix(maybe_prefix)
        elif ipv4:
            # this supports input of 255.255.255.0
            prefix = ipv4_mask_to_net_prefix(maybe_prefix)
        else:
            # In theory this never happens, is_ip_network() should catch all
            # invalid networks
            LOG.error("Address %s is not a valid ip network", addr)
            raise ValueError(f"Address {addr} is not a valid ip address")
    elif "prefix" in net:
        prefix = int(net["prefix"])
    elif netmask and ipv4:
        prefix = ipv4_mask_to_net_prefix(netmask)
    elif netmask and ipv6:
        prefix = ipv6_mask_to_net_prefix(netmask)
    else:
        prefix = 64 if ipv6 else 24

    if "prefix" in net and str(net["prefix"]) != str(prefix):
        LOG.warning(
            "Overwriting existing 'prefix' with '%s' in network info: %s",
            prefix,
            net,
        )
    net["prefix"] = prefix

    if ipv6:
        # TODO: we could/maybe should add this back with the very uncommon
        # 'netmask' for ipv6.  We need a 'net_prefix_to_ipv6_mask' for that.
        if "netmask" in net:
            del net["netmask"]
    elif ipv4:
        net["netmask"] = net_prefix_to_ipv4_mask(net["prefix"])

    return net


def _normalize_route(route):
    """normalize a route.
    return a dictionary with only:
       'type': 'route' (only present if it was present in input)
       'network': the network portion of the route as a string.
       'prefix': the network prefix for address as an integer.
       'metric': integer metric (only if present in input).
       'netmask': netmask (string) equivalent to prefix iff network is ipv4.
    """
    # Prune None-value keys.  Specifically allow 0 (a valid metric).
    normal_route = dict(
        (k, v) for k, v in route.items() if v not in ("", None)
    )
    if "destination" in normal_route:
        normal_route["network"] = normal_route["destination"]
        del normal_route["destination"]

    normal_route.update(
        _normalize_net_keys(
            normal_route, address_keys=("network", "destination")
        )
    )

    metric = normal_route.get("metric")
    if metric:
        try:
            normal_route["metric"] = int(metric)
        except ValueError as e:
            raise TypeError(
                "Route config metric {} is not an integer".format(metric)
            ) from e
    return normal_route


def _normalize_subnets(subnets):
    if not subnets:
        subnets = []
    return [_normalize_subnet(s) for s in subnets]


def parse_net_config_data(
    net_config: dict,
    skip_broken: bool = True,
    renderer=None,  # type: Optional[Renderer]
) -> NetworkState:
    """Parses the config, returns NetworkState object

    :param net_config: curtin network config dict
    """
    state = None
    version = net_config.get("version")
    config = net_config.get("config")
    if version == 2:
        # v2 does not have explicit 'config' key so we
        # pass the whole net-config as-is
        config = net_config

    if version and config is not None:
        nsi = NetworkStateInterpreter(
            version=version, config=config, renderer=renderer
        )
        nsi.parse_config(skip_broken=skip_broken)
        state = nsi.network_state

    if not state:
        raise RuntimeError(
            "No valid network_state object created from network config. "
            "Did you specify the correct version? Network config:\n"
            f"{net_config}"
        )

    return state
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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