Current File : //proc/self/root/lib/python3/dist-packages/urllib3/response.py
from __future__ import annotations

import collections
import io
import json as _json
import logging
import re
import sys
import typing
import warnings
import zlib
from contextlib import contextmanager
from http.client import HTTPMessage as _HttplibHTTPMessage
from http.client import HTTPResponse as _HttplibHTTPResponse
from socket import timeout as SocketTimeout

try:
    try:
        import brotlicffi as brotli  # type: ignore[import]
    except ImportError:
        import brotli  # type: ignore[import]
except ImportError:
    brotli = None

try:
    import zstandard as zstd  # type: ignore[import]

    # The package 'zstandard' added the 'eof' property starting
    # in v0.18.0 which we require to ensure a complete and
    # valid zstd stream was fed into the ZstdDecoder.
    # See: https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/pull/2624
    _zstd_version = _zstd_version = tuple(
        map(int, re.search(r"^([0-9]+)\.([0-9]+)", zstd.__version__).groups())  # type: ignore[union-attr]
    )
    if _zstd_version < (0, 18):  # Defensive:
        zstd = None

except (AttributeError, ImportError, ValueError):  # Defensive:
    zstd = None

from . import util
from ._base_connection import _TYPE_BODY
from ._collections import HTTPHeaderDict
from .connection import BaseSSLError, HTTPConnection, HTTPException
from .exceptions import (
    BodyNotHttplibCompatible,
    DecodeError,
    HTTPError,
    IncompleteRead,
    InvalidChunkLength,
    InvalidHeader,
    ProtocolError,
    ReadTimeoutError,
    ResponseNotChunked,
    SSLError,
)
from .util.response import is_fp_closed, is_response_to_head
from .util.retry import Retry

if typing.TYPE_CHECKING:
    from typing_extensions import Literal

    from .connectionpool import HTTPConnectionPool

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class ContentDecoder:
    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def flush(self) -> bytes:
        raise NotImplementedError()


class DeflateDecoder(ContentDecoder):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self._first_try = True
        self._data = b""
        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj()

    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
        if not data:
            return data

        if not self._first_try:
            return self._obj.decompress(data)

        self._data += data
        try:
            decompressed = self._obj.decompress(data)
            if decompressed:
                self._first_try = False
                self._data = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
            return decompressed
        except zlib.error:
            self._first_try = False
            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(-zlib.MAX_WBITS)
            try:
                return self.decompress(self._data)
            finally:
                self._data = None  # type: ignore[assignment]

    def flush(self) -> bytes:
        return self._obj.flush()


class GzipDecoderState:
    FIRST_MEMBER = 0
    OTHER_MEMBERS = 1
    SWALLOW_DATA = 2


class GzipDecoder(ContentDecoder):
    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)
        self._state = GzipDecoderState.FIRST_MEMBER

    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
        ret = bytearray()
        if self._state == GzipDecoderState.SWALLOW_DATA or not data:
            return bytes(ret)
        while True:
            try:
                ret += self._obj.decompress(data)
            except zlib.error:
                previous_state = self._state
                # Ignore data after the first error
                self._state = GzipDecoderState.SWALLOW_DATA
                if previous_state == GzipDecoderState.OTHER_MEMBERS:
                    # Allow trailing garbage acceptable in other gzip clients
                    return bytes(ret)
                raise
            data = self._obj.unused_data
            if not data:
                return bytes(ret)
            self._state = GzipDecoderState.OTHER_MEMBERS
            self._obj = zlib.decompressobj(16 + zlib.MAX_WBITS)

    def flush(self) -> bytes:
        return self._obj.flush()


if brotli is not None:

    class BrotliDecoder(ContentDecoder):
        # Supports both 'brotlipy' and 'Brotli' packages
        # since they share an import name. The top branches
        # are for 'brotlipy' and bottom branches for 'Brotli'
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            self._obj = brotli.Decompressor()
            if hasattr(self._obj, "decompress"):
                setattr(self, "decompress", self._obj.decompress)
            else:
                setattr(self, "decompress", self._obj.process)

        def flush(self) -> bytes:
            if hasattr(self._obj, "flush"):
                return self._obj.flush()  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
            return b""


if zstd is not None:

    class ZstdDecoder(ContentDecoder):
        def __init__(self) -> None:
            self._obj = zstd.ZstdDecompressor().decompressobj()

        def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
            if not data:
                return b""
            data_parts = [self._obj.decompress(data)]
            while self._obj.eof and self._obj.unused_data:
                unused_data = self._obj.unused_data
                self._obj = zstd.ZstdDecompressor().decompressobj()
                data_parts.append(self._obj.decompress(unused_data))
            return b"".join(data_parts)

        def flush(self) -> bytes:
            ret = self._obj.flush()  # note: this is a no-op
            if not self._obj.eof:
                raise DecodeError("Zstandard data is incomplete")
            return ret  # type: ignore[no-any-return]


class MultiDecoder(ContentDecoder):
    """
    From RFC7231:
        If one or more encodings have been applied to a representation, the
        sender that applied the encodings MUST generate a Content-Encoding
        header field that lists the content codings in the order in which
        they were applied.
    """

    def __init__(self, modes: str) -> None:
        self._decoders = [_get_decoder(m.strip()) for m in modes.split(",")]

    def flush(self) -> bytes:
        return self._decoders[0].flush()

    def decompress(self, data: bytes) -> bytes:
        for d in reversed(self._decoders):
            data = d.decompress(data)
        return data


def _get_decoder(mode: str) -> ContentDecoder:
    if "," in mode:
        return MultiDecoder(mode)

    if mode == "gzip":
        return GzipDecoder()

    if brotli is not None and mode == "br":
        return BrotliDecoder()

    if zstd is not None and mode == "zstd":
        return ZstdDecoder()

    return DeflateDecoder()


class BytesQueueBuffer:
    """Memory-efficient bytes buffer

    To return decoded data in read() and still follow the BufferedIOBase API, we need a
    buffer to always return the correct amount of bytes.

    This buffer should be filled using calls to put()

    Our maximum memory usage is determined by the sum of the size of:

     * self.buffer, which contains the full data
     * the largest chunk that we will copy in get()

    The worst case scenario is a single chunk, in which case we'll make a full copy of
    the data inside get().
    """

    def __init__(self) -> None:
        self.buffer: typing.Deque[bytes] = collections.deque()
        self._size: int = 0

    def __len__(self) -> int:
        return self._size

    def put(self, data: bytes) -> None:
        self.buffer.append(data)
        self._size += len(data)

    def get(self, n: int) -> bytes:
        if n == 0:
            return b""
        elif not self.buffer:
            raise RuntimeError("buffer is empty")
        elif n < 0:
            raise ValueError("n should be > 0")

        fetched = 0
        ret = io.BytesIO()
        while fetched < n:
            remaining = n - fetched
            chunk = self.buffer.popleft()
            chunk_length = len(chunk)
            if remaining < chunk_length:
                left_chunk, right_chunk = chunk[:remaining], chunk[remaining:]
                ret.write(left_chunk)
                self.buffer.appendleft(right_chunk)
                self._size -= remaining
                break
            else:
                ret.write(chunk)
                self._size -= chunk_length
            fetched += chunk_length

            if not self.buffer:
                break

        return ret.getvalue()


class BaseHTTPResponse(io.IOBase):
    CONTENT_DECODERS = ["gzip", "deflate"]
    if brotli is not None:
        CONTENT_DECODERS += ["br"]
    if zstd is not None:
        CONTENT_DECODERS += ["zstd"]
    REDIRECT_STATUSES = [301, 302, 303, 307, 308]

    DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES: tuple[type[Exception], ...] = (IOError, zlib.error)
    if brotli is not None:
        DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES += (brotli.error,)

    if zstd is not None:
        DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES += (zstd.ZstdError,)

    def __init__(
        self,
        *,
        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | typing.Mapping[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
        status: int,
        version: int,
        reason: str | None,
        decode_content: bool,
        request_url: str | None,
        retries: Retry | None = None,
    ) -> None:
        if isinstance(headers, HTTPHeaderDict):
            self.headers = headers
        else:
            self.headers = HTTPHeaderDict(headers)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
        self.status = status
        self.version = version
        self.reason = reason
        self.decode_content = decode_content
        self._has_decoded_content = False
        self._request_url: str | None = request_url
        self.retries = retries

        self.chunked = False
        tr_enc = self.headers.get("transfer-encoding", "").lower()
        # Don't incur the penalty of creating a list and then discarding it
        encodings = (enc.strip() for enc in tr_enc.split(","))
        if "chunked" in encodings:
            self.chunked = True

        self._decoder: ContentDecoder | None = None

    def get_redirect_location(self) -> str | None | Literal[False]:
        """
        Should we redirect and where to?

        :returns: Truthy redirect location string if we got a redirect status
            code and valid location. ``None`` if redirect status and no
            location. ``False`` if not a redirect status code.
        """
        if self.status in self.REDIRECT_STATUSES:
            return self.headers.get("location")
        return False

    @property
    def data(self) -> bytes:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def json(self) -> typing.Any:
        """
        Parses the body of the HTTP response as JSON.

        To use a custom JSON decoder pass the result of :attr:`HTTPResponse.data` to the decoder.

        This method can raise either `UnicodeDecodeError` or `json.JSONDecodeError`.

        Read more :ref:`here <json>`.
        """
        data = self.data.decode("utf-8")
        return _json.loads(data)

    @property
    def url(self) -> str | None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @url.setter
    def url(self, url: str | None) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @property
    def connection(self) -> HTTPConnection | None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    @property
    def retries(self) -> Retry | None:
        return self._retries

    @retries.setter
    def retries(self, retries: Retry | None) -> None:
        # Override the request_url if retries has a redirect location.
        if retries is not None and retries.history:
            self.url = retries.history[-1].redirect_location
        self._retries = retries

    def stream(
        self, amt: int | None = 2**16, decode_content: bool | None = None
    ) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def read(
        self,
        amt: int | None = None,
        decode_content: bool | None = None,
        cache_content: bool = False,
    ) -> bytes:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def read_chunked(
        self,
        amt: int | None = None,
        decode_content: bool | None = None,
    ) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def release_conn(self) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def drain_conn(self) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def close(self) -> None:
        raise NotImplementedError()

    def _init_decoder(self) -> None:
        """
        Set-up the _decoder attribute if necessary.
        """
        # Note: content-encoding value should be case-insensitive, per RFC 7230
        # Section 3.2
        content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
        if self._decoder is None:
            if content_encoding in self.CONTENT_DECODERS:
                self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)
            elif "," in content_encoding:
                encodings = [
                    e.strip()
                    for e in content_encoding.split(",")
                    if e.strip() in self.CONTENT_DECODERS
                ]
                if encodings:
                    self._decoder = _get_decoder(content_encoding)

    def _decode(
        self, data: bytes, decode_content: bool | None, flush_decoder: bool
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        Decode the data passed in and potentially flush the decoder.
        """
        if not decode_content:
            if self._has_decoded_content:
                raise RuntimeError(
                    "Calling read(decode_content=False) is not supported after "
                    "read(decode_content=True) was called."
                )
            return data

        try:
            if self._decoder:
                data = self._decoder.decompress(data)
                self._has_decoded_content = True
        except self.DECODER_ERROR_CLASSES as e:
            content_encoding = self.headers.get("content-encoding", "").lower()
            raise DecodeError(
                "Received response with content-encoding: %s, but "
                "failed to decode it." % content_encoding,
                e,
            ) from e
        if flush_decoder:
            data += self._flush_decoder()

        return data

    def _flush_decoder(self) -> bytes:
        """
        Flushes the decoder. Should only be called if the decoder is actually
        being used.
        """
        if self._decoder:
            return self._decoder.decompress(b"") + self._decoder.flush()
        return b""

    # Compatibility methods for `io` module
    def readinto(self, b: bytearray) -> int:
        temp = self.read(len(b))
        if len(temp) == 0:
            return 0
        else:
            b[: len(temp)] = temp
            return len(temp)

    # Compatibility methods for http.client.HTTPResponse
    def getheaders(self) -> HTTPHeaderDict:
        warnings.warn(
            "HTTPResponse.getheaders() is deprecated and will be removed "
            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead access HTTPResponse.headers directly.",
            category=DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return self.headers

    def getheader(self, name: str, default: str | None = None) -> str | None:
        warnings.warn(
            "HTTPResponse.getheader() is deprecated and will be removed "
            "in urllib3 v2.1.0. Instead use HTTPResponse.headers.get(name, default).",
            category=DeprecationWarning,
            stacklevel=2,
        )
        return self.headers.get(name, default)

    # Compatibility method for http.cookiejar
    def info(self) -> HTTPHeaderDict:
        return self.headers

    def geturl(self) -> str | None:
        return self.url


class HTTPResponse(BaseHTTPResponse):
    """
    HTTP Response container.

    Backwards-compatible with :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` but the response ``body`` is
    loaded and decoded on-demand when the ``data`` property is accessed.  This
    class is also compatible with the Python standard library's :mod:`io`
    module, and can hence be treated as a readable object in the context of that
    framework.

    Extra parameters for behaviour not present in :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse`:

    :param preload_content:
        If True, the response's body will be preloaded during construction.

    :param decode_content:
        If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
        'content-encoding' header.

    :param original_response:
        When this HTTPResponse wrapper is generated from an :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse`
        object, it's convenient to include the original for debug purposes. It's
        otherwise unused.

    :param retries:
        The retries contains the last :class:`~urllib3.util.retry.Retry` that
        was used during the request.

    :param enforce_content_length:
        Enforce content length checking. Body returned by server must match
        value of Content-Length header, if present. Otherwise, raise error.
    """

    def __init__(
        self,
        body: _TYPE_BODY = "",
        headers: typing.Mapping[str, str] | typing.Mapping[bytes, bytes] | None = None,
        status: int = 0,
        version: int = 0,
        reason: str | None = None,
        preload_content: bool = True,
        decode_content: bool = True,
        original_response: _HttplibHTTPResponse | None = None,
        pool: HTTPConnectionPool | None = None,
        connection: HTTPConnection | None = None,
        msg: _HttplibHTTPMessage | None = None,
        retries: Retry | None = None,
        enforce_content_length: bool = True,
        request_method: str | None = None,
        request_url: str | None = None,
        auto_close: bool = True,
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__(
            headers=headers,
            status=status,
            version=version,
            reason=reason,
            decode_content=decode_content,
            request_url=request_url,
            retries=retries,
        )

        self.enforce_content_length = enforce_content_length
        self.auto_close = auto_close

        self._body = None
        self._fp: _HttplibHTTPResponse | None = None
        self._original_response = original_response
        self._fp_bytes_read = 0
        self.msg = msg

        if body and isinstance(body, (str, bytes)):
            self._body = body

        self._pool = pool
        self._connection = connection

        if hasattr(body, "read"):
            self._fp = body  # type: ignore[assignment]

        # Are we using the chunked-style of transfer encoding?
        self.chunk_left: int | None = None

        # Determine length of response
        self.length_remaining = self._init_length(request_method)

        # Used to return the correct amount of bytes for partial read()s
        self._decoded_buffer = BytesQueueBuffer()

        # If requested, preload the body.
        if preload_content and not self._body:
            self._body = self.read(decode_content=decode_content)

    def release_conn(self) -> None:
        if not self._pool or not self._connection:
            return None

        self._pool._put_conn(self._connection)
        self._connection = None

    def drain_conn(self) -> None:
        """
        Read and discard any remaining HTTP response data in the response connection.

        Unread data in the HTTPResponse connection blocks the connection from being released back to the pool.
        """
        try:
            self.read()
        except (HTTPError, OSError, BaseSSLError, HTTPException):
            pass

    @property
    def data(self) -> bytes:
        # For backwards-compat with earlier urllib3 0.4 and earlier.
        if self._body:
            return self._body  # type: ignore[return-value]

        if self._fp:
            return self.read(cache_content=True)

        return None  # type: ignore[return-value]

    @property
    def connection(self) -> HTTPConnection | None:
        return self._connection

    def isclosed(self) -> bool:
        return is_fp_closed(self._fp)

    def tell(self) -> int:
        """
        Obtain the number of bytes pulled over the wire so far. May differ from
        the amount of content returned by :meth:``urllib3.response.HTTPResponse.read``
        if bytes are encoded on the wire (e.g, compressed).
        """
        return self._fp_bytes_read

    def _init_length(self, request_method: str | None) -> int | None:
        """
        Set initial length value for Response content if available.
        """
        length: int | None
        content_length: str | None = self.headers.get("content-length")

        if content_length is not None:
            if self.chunked:
                # This Response will fail with an IncompleteRead if it can't be
                # received as chunked. This method falls back to attempt reading
                # the response before raising an exception.
                log.warning(
                    "Received response with both Content-Length and "
                    "Transfer-Encoding set. This is expressly forbidden "
                    "by RFC 7230 sec 3.3.2. Ignoring Content-Length and "
                    "attempting to process response as Transfer-Encoding: "
                    "chunked."
                )
                return None

            try:
                # RFC 7230 section 3.3.2 specifies multiple content lengths can
                # be sent in a single Content-Length header
                # (e.g. Content-Length: 42, 42). This line ensures the values
                # are all valid ints and that as long as the `set` length is 1,
                # all values are the same. Otherwise, the header is invalid.
                lengths = {int(val) for val in content_length.split(",")}
                if len(lengths) > 1:
                    raise InvalidHeader(
                        "Content-Length contained multiple "
                        "unmatching values (%s)" % content_length
                    )
                length = lengths.pop()
            except ValueError:
                length = None
            else:
                if length < 0:
                    length = None

        else:  # if content_length is None
            length = None

        # Convert status to int for comparison
        # In some cases, httplib returns a status of "_UNKNOWN"
        try:
            status = int(self.status)
        except ValueError:
            status = 0

        # Check for responses that shouldn't include a body
        if status in (204, 304) or 100 <= status < 200 or request_method == "HEAD":
            length = 0

        return length

    @contextmanager
    def _error_catcher(self) -> typing.Generator[None, None, None]:
        """
        Catch low-level python exceptions, instead re-raising urllib3
        variants, so that low-level exceptions are not leaked in the
        high-level api.

        On exit, release the connection back to the pool.
        """
        clean_exit = False

        try:
            try:
                yield

            except SocketTimeout as e:
                # FIXME: Ideally we'd like to include the url in the ReadTimeoutError but
                # there is yet no clean way to get at it from this context.
                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.") from e  # type: ignore[arg-type]

            except BaseSSLError as e:
                # FIXME: Is there a better way to differentiate between SSLErrors?
                if "read operation timed out" not in str(e):
                    # SSL errors related to framing/MAC get wrapped and reraised here
                    raise SSLError(e) from e

                raise ReadTimeoutError(self._pool, None, "Read timed out.") from e  # type: ignore[arg-type]

            except (HTTPException, OSError) as e:
                # This includes IncompleteRead.
                raise ProtocolError(f"Connection broken: {e!r}", e) from e

            # If no exception is thrown, we should avoid cleaning up
            # unnecessarily.
            clean_exit = True
        finally:
            # If we didn't terminate cleanly, we need to throw away our
            # connection.
            if not clean_exit:
                # The response may not be closed but we're not going to use it
                # anymore so close it now to ensure that the connection is
                # released back to the pool.
                if self._original_response:
                    self._original_response.close()

                # Closing the response may not actually be sufficient to close
                # everything, so if we have a hold of the connection close that
                # too.
                if self._connection:
                    self._connection.close()

            # If we hold the original response but it's closed now, we should
            # return the connection back to the pool.
            if self._original_response and self._original_response.isclosed():
                self.release_conn()

    def _fp_read(self, amt: int | None = None) -> bytes:
        """
        Read a response with the thought that reading the number of bytes
        larger than can fit in a 32-bit int at a time via SSL in some
        known cases leads to an overflow error that has to be prevented
        if `amt` or `self.length_remaining` indicate that a problem may
        happen.

        The known cases:
          * 3.8 <= CPython < 3.9.7 because of a bug
            https://github.com/urllib3/urllib3/issues/2513#issuecomment-1152559900.
          * urllib3 injected with pyOpenSSL-backed SSL-support.
          * CPython < 3.10 only when `amt` does not fit 32-bit int.
        """
        assert self._fp
        c_int_max = 2**31 - 1
        if (
            (
                (amt and amt > c_int_max)
                or (self.length_remaining and self.length_remaining > c_int_max)
            )
            and not util.IS_SECURETRANSPORT
            and (util.IS_PYOPENSSL or sys.version_info < (3, 10))
        ):
            buffer = io.BytesIO()
            # Besides `max_chunk_amt` being a maximum chunk size, it
            # affects memory overhead of reading a response by this
            # method in CPython.
            # `c_int_max` equal to 2 GiB - 1 byte is the actual maximum
            # chunk size that does not lead to an overflow error, but
            # 256 MiB is a compromise.
            max_chunk_amt = 2**28
            while amt is None or amt != 0:
                if amt is not None:
                    chunk_amt = min(amt, max_chunk_amt)
                    amt -= chunk_amt
                else:
                    chunk_amt = max_chunk_amt
                data = self._fp.read(chunk_amt)
                if not data:
                    break
                buffer.write(data)
                del data  # to reduce peak memory usage by `max_chunk_amt`.
            return buffer.getvalue()
        else:
            # StringIO doesn't like amt=None
            return self._fp.read(amt) if amt is not None else self._fp.read()

    def _raw_read(
        self,
        amt: int | None = None,
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        Reads `amt` of bytes from the socket.
        """
        if self._fp is None:
            return None  # type: ignore[return-value]

        fp_closed = getattr(self._fp, "closed", False)

        with self._error_catcher():
            data = self._fp_read(amt) if not fp_closed else b""
            if amt is not None and amt != 0 and not data:
                # Platform-specific: Buggy versions of Python.
                # Close the connection when no data is returned
                #
                # This is redundant to what httplib/http.client _should_
                # already do.  However, versions of python released before
                # December 15, 2012 (http://bugs.python.org/issue16298) do
                # not properly close the connection in all cases. There is
                # no harm in redundantly calling close.
                self._fp.close()
                if (
                    self.enforce_content_length
                    and self.length_remaining is not None
                    and self.length_remaining != 0
                ):
                    # This is an edge case that httplib failed to cover due
                    # to concerns of backward compatibility. We're
                    # addressing it here to make sure IncompleteRead is
                    # raised during streaming, so all calls with incorrect
                    # Content-Length are caught.
                    raise IncompleteRead(self._fp_bytes_read, self.length_remaining)

        if data:
            self._fp_bytes_read += len(data)
            if self.length_remaining is not None:
                self.length_remaining -= len(data)
        return data

    def read(
        self,
        amt: int | None = None,
        decode_content: bool | None = None,
        cache_content: bool = False,
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        Similar to :meth:`http.client.HTTPResponse.read`, but with two additional
        parameters: ``decode_content`` and ``cache_content``.

        :param amt:
            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
            response.

        :param decode_content:
            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
            'content-encoding' header.

        :param cache_content:
            If True, will save the returned data such that the same result is
            returned despite of the state of the underlying file object. This
            is useful if you want the ``.data`` property to continue working
            after having ``.read()`` the file object. (Overridden if ``amt`` is
            set.)
        """
        self._init_decoder()
        if decode_content is None:
            decode_content = self.decode_content

        if amt is not None:
            cache_content = False

            if len(self._decoded_buffer) >= amt:
                return self._decoded_buffer.get(amt)

        data = self._raw_read(amt)

        flush_decoder = amt is None or (amt != 0 and not data)

        if not data and len(self._decoded_buffer) == 0:
            return data

        if amt is None:
            data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
            if cache_content:
                self._body = data
        else:
            # do not waste memory on buffer when not decoding
            if not decode_content:
                if self._has_decoded_content:
                    raise RuntimeError(
                        "Calling read(decode_content=False) is not supported after "
                        "read(decode_content=True) was called."
                    )
                return data

            decoded_data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
            self._decoded_buffer.put(decoded_data)

            while len(self._decoded_buffer) < amt and data:
                # TODO make sure to initially read enough data to get past the headers
                # For example, the GZ file header takes 10 bytes, we don't want to read
                # it one byte at a time
                data = self._raw_read(amt)
                decoded_data = self._decode(data, decode_content, flush_decoder)
                self._decoded_buffer.put(decoded_data)
            data = self._decoded_buffer.get(amt)

        return data

    def stream(
        self, amt: int | None = 2**16, decode_content: bool | None = None
    ) -> typing.Generator[bytes, None, None]:
        """
        A generator wrapper for the read() method. A call will block until
        ``amt`` bytes have been read from the connection or until the
        connection is closed.

        :param amt:
            How much of the content to read. The generator will return up to
            much data per iteration, but may return less. This is particularly
            likely when using compressed data. However, the empty string will
            never be returned.

        :param decode_content:
            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
            'content-encoding' header.
        """
        if self.chunked and self.supports_chunked_reads():
            yield from self.read_chunked(amt, decode_content=decode_content)
        else:
            while not is_fp_closed(self._fp) or len(self._decoded_buffer) > 0:
                data = self.read(amt=amt, decode_content=decode_content)

                if data:
                    yield data

    # Overrides from io.IOBase
    def readable(self) -> bool:
        return True

    def close(self) -> None:
        if not self.closed and self._fp:
            self._fp.close()

        if self._connection:
            self._connection.close()

        if not self.auto_close:
            io.IOBase.close(self)

    @property
    def closed(self) -> bool:
        if not self.auto_close:
            return io.IOBase.closed.__get__(self)  # type: ignore[no-any-return]
        elif self._fp is None:
            return True
        elif hasattr(self._fp, "isclosed"):
            return self._fp.isclosed()
        elif hasattr(self._fp, "closed"):
            return self._fp.closed
        else:
            return True

    def fileno(self) -> int:
        if self._fp is None:
            raise OSError("HTTPResponse has no file to get a fileno from")
        elif hasattr(self._fp, "fileno"):
            return self._fp.fileno()
        else:
            raise OSError(
                "The file-like object this HTTPResponse is wrapped "
                "around has no file descriptor"
            )

    def flush(self) -> None:
        if (
            self._fp is not None
            and hasattr(self._fp, "flush")
            and not getattr(self._fp, "closed", False)
        ):
            return self._fp.flush()

    def supports_chunked_reads(self) -> bool:
        """
        Checks if the underlying file-like object looks like a
        :class:`http.client.HTTPResponse` object. We do this by testing for
        the fp attribute. If it is present we assume it returns raw chunks as
        processed by read_chunked().
        """
        return hasattr(self._fp, "fp")

    def _update_chunk_length(self) -> None:
        # First, we'll figure out length of a chunk and then
        # we'll try to read it from socket.
        if self.chunk_left is not None:
            return None
        line = self._fp.fp.readline()  # type: ignore[union-attr]
        line = line.split(b";", 1)[0]
        try:
            self.chunk_left = int(line, 16)
        except ValueError:
            # Invalid chunked protocol response, abort.
            self.close()
            raise InvalidChunkLength(self, line) from None

    def _handle_chunk(self, amt: int | None) -> bytes:
        returned_chunk = None
        if amt is None:
            chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            returned_chunk = chunk
            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # type: ignore[union-attr] # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
            self.chunk_left = None
        elif self.chunk_left is not None and amt < self.chunk_left:
            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            self.chunk_left = self.chunk_left - amt
            returned_chunk = value
        elif amt == self.chunk_left:
            value = self._fp._safe_read(amt)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # type: ignore[union-attr] # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
            self.chunk_left = None
            returned_chunk = value
        else:  # amt > self.chunk_left
            returned_chunk = self._fp._safe_read(self.chunk_left)  # type: ignore[union-attr]
            self._fp._safe_read(2)  # type: ignore[union-attr] # Toss the CRLF at the end of the chunk.
            self.chunk_left = None
        return returned_chunk  # type: ignore[no-any-return]

    def read_chunked(
        self, amt: int | None = None, decode_content: bool | None = None
    ) -> typing.Generator[bytes, None, None]:
        """
        Similar to :meth:`HTTPResponse.read`, but with an additional
        parameter: ``decode_content``.

        :param amt:
            How much of the content to read. If specified, caching is skipped
            because it doesn't make sense to cache partial content as the full
            response.

        :param decode_content:
            If True, will attempt to decode the body based on the
            'content-encoding' header.
        """
        self._init_decoder()
        # FIXME: Rewrite this method and make it a class with a better structured logic.
        if not self.chunked:
            raise ResponseNotChunked(
                "Response is not chunked. "
                "Header 'transfer-encoding: chunked' is missing."
            )
        if not self.supports_chunked_reads():
            raise BodyNotHttplibCompatible(
                "Body should be http.client.HTTPResponse like. "
                "It should have have an fp attribute which returns raw chunks."
            )

        with self._error_catcher():
            # Don't bother reading the body of a HEAD request.
            if self._original_response and is_response_to_head(self._original_response):
                self._original_response.close()
                return None

            # If a response is already read and closed
            # then return immediately.
            if self._fp.fp is None:  # type: ignore[union-attr]
                return None

            while True:
                self._update_chunk_length()
                if self.chunk_left == 0:
                    break
                chunk = self._handle_chunk(amt)
                decoded = self._decode(
                    chunk, decode_content=decode_content, flush_decoder=False
                )
                if decoded:
                    yield decoded

            if decode_content:
                # On CPython and PyPy, we should never need to flush the
                # decoder. However, on Jython we *might* need to, so
                # lets defensively do it anyway.
                decoded = self._flush_decoder()
                if decoded:  # Platform-specific: Jython.
                    yield decoded

            # Chunk content ends with \r\n: discard it.
            while self._fp is not None:
                line = self._fp.fp.readline()
                if not line:
                    # Some sites may not end with '\r\n'.
                    break
                if line == b"\r\n":
                    break

            # We read everything; close the "file".
            if self._original_response:
                self._original_response.close()

    @property
    def url(self) -> str | None:
        """
        Returns the URL that was the source of this response.
        If the request that generated this response redirected, this method
        will return the final redirect location.
        """
        return self._request_url

    @url.setter
    def url(self, url: str) -> None:
        self._request_url = url

    def __iter__(self) -> typing.Iterator[bytes]:
        buffer: list[bytes] = []
        for chunk in self.stream(decode_content=True):
            if b"\n" in chunk:
                chunks = chunk.split(b"\n")
                yield b"".join(buffer) + chunks[0] + b"\n"
                for x in chunks[1:-1]:
                    yield x + b"\n"
                if chunks[-1]:
                    buffer = [chunks[-1]]
                else:
                    buffer = []
            else:
                buffer.append(chunk)
        if buffer:
            yield b"".join(buffer)
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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