Current File : //proc/self/root/lib/python3/dist-packages/twisted/test/test_udp.py
# -*- test-case-name: twisted.test.test_udp -*-
# Copyright (c) Twisted Matrix Laboratories.
# See LICENSE for details.

"""
Tests for implementations of L{IReactorUDP} and L{IReactorMulticast}.
"""


import os
from unittest import skipIf

from twisted.internet import defer, error, interfaces, protocol, reactor, udp
from twisted.internet.defer import Deferred, gatherResults, maybeDeferred
from twisted.python import runtime
from twisted.trial.unittest import TestCase


class Mixin:
    started = 0
    stopped = 0

    startedDeferred = None

    def __init__(self):
        self.packets = []

    def startProtocol(self):
        self.started = 1
        if self.startedDeferred is not None:
            d, self.startedDeferred = self.startedDeferred, None
            d.callback(None)

    def stopProtocol(self):
        self.stopped = 1


class Server(Mixin, protocol.DatagramProtocol):
    packetReceived = None
    refused = 0

    def datagramReceived(self, data, addr):
        self.packets.append((data, addr))
        if self.packetReceived is not None:
            d, self.packetReceived = self.packetReceived, None
            d.callback(None)


class Client(Mixin, protocol.ConnectedDatagramProtocol):
    packetReceived = None
    refused = 0

    def datagramReceived(self, data):
        self.packets.append(data)
        if self.packetReceived is not None:
            d, self.packetReceived = self.packetReceived, None
            d.callback(None)

    def connectionFailed(self, failure):
        if self.startedDeferred is not None:
            d, self.startedDeferred = self.startedDeferred, None
            d.errback(failure)
        self.failure = failure

    def connectionRefused(self):
        if self.startedDeferred is not None:
            d, self.startedDeferred = self.startedDeferred, None
            d.errback(error.ConnectionRefusedError("yup"))
        self.refused = 1


class GoodClient(Server):
    def connectionRefused(self):
        if self.startedDeferred is not None:
            d, self.startedDeferred = self.startedDeferred, None
            d.errback(error.ConnectionRefusedError("yup"))
        self.refused = 1


class BadClientError(Exception):
    """
    Raised by BadClient at the end of every datagramReceived call to try and
    screw stuff up.
    """


class BadClient(protocol.DatagramProtocol):
    """
    A DatagramProtocol which always raises an exception from datagramReceived.
    Used to test error handling behavior in the reactor for that method.
    """

    d = None

    def setDeferred(self, d):
        """
        Set the Deferred which will be called back when datagramReceived is
        called.
        """
        self.d = d

    def datagramReceived(self, bytes, addr):
        if self.d is not None:
            d, self.d = self.d, None
            d.callback(bytes)
        raise BadClientError("Application code is very buggy!")


@skipIf(not interfaces.IReactorUDP(reactor, None), "This reactor does not support UDP")
class UDPTests(TestCase):
    def test_oldAddress(self):
        """
        The C{type} of the host address of a listening L{DatagramProtocol}'s
        transport is C{"UDP"}.
        """
        server = Server()
        d = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        p = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        def cbStarted(ignored):
            addr = p.getHost()
            self.assertEqual(addr.type, "UDP")
            return p.stopListening()

        return d.addCallback(cbStarted)

    def test_startStop(self):
        """
        The L{DatagramProtocol}'s C{startProtocol} and C{stopProtocol}
        methods are called when its transports starts and stops listening,
        respectively.
        """
        server = Server()
        d = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        port1 = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        def cbStarted(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(server.started, 1)
            self.assertEqual(server.stopped, 0)
            return port1.stopListening()

        def cbStopped(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(server.stopped, 1)

        return d.addCallback(cbStarted).addCallback(cbStopped)

    def test_rebind(self):
        """
        Re-listening with the same L{DatagramProtocol} re-invokes the
        C{startProtocol} callback.
        """
        server = Server()
        d = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        p = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        def cbStarted(ignored, port):
            return port.stopListening()

        def cbStopped(ignored):
            d = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
            p = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")
            return d.addCallback(cbStarted, p)

        return d.addCallback(cbStarted, p)

    def test_bindError(self):
        """
        A L{CannotListenError} exception is raised when attempting to bind a
        second protocol instance to an already bound port
        """
        server = Server()
        d = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        port = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        def cbStarted(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(port.getHost(), server.transport.getHost())
            server2 = Server()
            self.assertRaises(
                error.CannotListenError,
                reactor.listenUDP,
                port.getHost().port,
                server2,
                interface="127.0.0.1",
            )

        d.addCallback(cbStarted)

        def cbFinished(ignored):
            return port.stopListening()

        d.addCallback(cbFinished)
        return d

    def test_sendPackets(self):
        """
        Datagrams can be sent with the transport's C{write} method and
        received via the C{datagramReceived} callback method.
        """
        server = Server()
        serverStarted = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        port1 = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        client = GoodClient()
        clientStarted = client.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()

        def cbServerStarted(ignored):
            self.port2 = reactor.listenUDP(0, client, interface="127.0.0.1")
            return clientStarted

        d = serverStarted.addCallback(cbServerStarted)

        def cbClientStarted(ignored):
            client.transport.connect("127.0.0.1", server.transport.getHost().port)
            cAddr = client.transport.getHost()
            sAddr = server.transport.getHost()

            serverSend = client.packetReceived = defer.Deferred()
            server.transport.write(b"hello", (cAddr.host, cAddr.port))

            clientWrites = [(b"a",), (b"b", None), (b"c", (sAddr.host, sAddr.port))]

            def cbClientSend(ignored):
                if clientWrites:
                    nextClientWrite = server.packetReceived = defer.Deferred()
                    nextClientWrite.addCallback(cbClientSend)
                    client.transport.write(*clientWrites.pop(0))
                    return nextClientWrite

            # No one will ever call .errback on either of these Deferreds,
            # but there is a non-trivial amount of test code which might
            # cause them to fail somehow.  So fireOnOneErrback=True.
            return defer.DeferredList(
                [cbClientSend(None), serverSend], fireOnOneErrback=True
            )

        d.addCallback(cbClientStarted)

        def cbSendsFinished(ignored):
            cAddr = client.transport.getHost()
            sAddr = server.transport.getHost()
            self.assertEqual(client.packets, [(b"hello", (sAddr.host, sAddr.port))])
            clientAddr = (cAddr.host, cAddr.port)
            self.assertEqual(
                server.packets,
                [(b"a", clientAddr), (b"b", clientAddr), (b"c", clientAddr)],
            )

        d.addCallback(cbSendsFinished)

        def cbFinished(ignored):
            return defer.DeferredList(
                [
                    defer.maybeDeferred(port1.stopListening),
                    defer.maybeDeferred(self.port2.stopListening),
                ],
                fireOnOneErrback=True,
            )

        d.addCallback(cbFinished)
        return d

    @skipIf(
        os.environ.get("INFRASTRUCTURE") == "AZUREPIPELINES",
        "Hangs on Pipelines due to firewall",
    )
    def test_connectionRefused(self):
        """
        A L{ConnectionRefusedError} exception is raised when a connection
        attempt is actively refused by the other end.

        Note: This test assumes no one is listening on port 80 UDP.
        """
        client = GoodClient()
        clientStarted = client.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        port = reactor.listenUDP(0, client, interface="127.0.0.1")

        server = Server()
        serverStarted = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        port2 = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        d = defer.DeferredList([clientStarted, serverStarted], fireOnOneErrback=True)

        def cbStarted(ignored):
            connectionRefused = client.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
            client.transport.connect("127.0.0.1", 80)

            for i in range(10):
                client.transport.write(b"%d" % (i,))
                server.transport.write(b"%d" % (i,), ("127.0.0.1", 80))

            return self.assertFailure(connectionRefused, error.ConnectionRefusedError)

        d.addCallback(cbStarted)

        def cbFinished(ignored):
            return defer.DeferredList(
                [
                    defer.maybeDeferred(port.stopListening),
                    defer.maybeDeferred(port2.stopListening),
                ],
                fireOnOneErrback=True,
            )

        d.addCallback(cbFinished)
        return d

    def test_serverReadFailure(self):
        """
        When a server fails to successfully read a packet the server should
        still be able to process future packets.
        The IOCP reactor had a historical problem where a failure to read caused
        the reactor to ignore any future reads. This test should prevent a regression.

        Note: This test assumes no one is listening on port 80 UDP.
        """
        client = GoodClient()
        clientStarted = client.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        clientPort = reactor.listenUDP(0, client, interface="127.0.0.1")
        test_data_to_send = b"Sending test packet to server"

        server = Server()
        serverStarted = server.startedDeferred = defer.Deferred()
        serverGotData = server.packetReceived = defer.Deferred()
        serverPort = reactor.listenUDP(0, server, interface="127.0.0.1")

        server_client_started_d = defer.DeferredList(
            [clientStarted, serverStarted], fireOnOneErrback=True
        )

        def cbClientAndServerStarted(ignored):
            # Server has started. Now the server can send a
            # packet to a random port no one is listening on. On windows, for example, this
            # will cause an ICMP message to come back on the port telling us no one is listening.
            # We need to be able to gracefully handle this situation and continue processing
            # requests.
            server.transport.write(
                b"write to port no one is listening to", ("127.0.0.1", 80)
            )
            client.transport.write(
                test_data_to_send, ("127.0.0.1", serverPort._realPortNumber)
            )

        server_client_started_d.addCallback(cbClientAndServerStarted)

        all_data_sent = defer.DeferredList(
            [server_client_started_d, serverGotData], fireOnOneErrback=True
        )

        def verify_server_got_data(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(server.packets[0][0], test_data_to_send)

        all_data_sent.addCallback(verify_server_got_data)

        def cleanup(ignored):
            return defer.DeferredList(
                [
                    defer.maybeDeferred(clientPort.stopListening),
                    defer.maybeDeferred(serverPort.stopListening),
                ],
                fireOnOneErrback=True,
            )

        all_data_sent.addCallback(cleanup)

        return all_data_sent

    def test_badConnect(self):
        """
        A call to the transport's connect method fails with an
        L{InvalidAddressError} when a non-IP address is passed as the host
        value.

        A call to a transport's connect method fails with a L{RuntimeError}
        when the transport is already connected.
        """
        client = GoodClient()
        port = reactor.listenUDP(0, client, interface="127.0.0.1")
        self.assertRaises(
            error.InvalidAddressError, client.transport.connect, "localhost", 80
        )
        client.transport.connect("127.0.0.1", 80)
        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, client.transport.connect, "127.0.0.1", 80)
        return port.stopListening()

    def test_datagramReceivedError(self):
        """
        When datagramReceived raises an exception it is logged but the port
        is not disconnected.
        """
        finalDeferred = defer.Deferred()

        def cbCompleted(ign):
            """
            Flush the exceptions which the reactor should have logged and make
            sure they're actually there.
            """
            errs = self.flushLoggedErrors(BadClientError)
            self.assertEqual(
                len(errs), 2, "Incorrectly found %d errors, expected 2" % (len(errs),)
            )

        finalDeferred.addCallback(cbCompleted)

        client = BadClient()
        port = reactor.listenUDP(0, client, interface="127.0.0.1")

        def cbCleanup(result):
            """
            Disconnect the port we started and pass on whatever was given to us
            in case it was a Failure.
            """
            return defer.maybeDeferred(port.stopListening).addBoth(lambda ign: result)

        finalDeferred.addBoth(cbCleanup)

        addr = port.getHost()

        # UDP is not reliable.  Try to send as many as 60 packets before giving
        # up.  Conceivably, all sixty could be lost, but they probably won't be
        # unless all UDP traffic is being dropped, and then the rest of these
        # UDP tests will likely fail as well.  Ideally, this test (and probably
        # others) wouldn't even use actual UDP traffic: instead, they would
        # stub out the socket with a fake one which could be made to behave in
        # whatever way the test desires.  Unfortunately, this is hard because
        # of differences in various reactor implementations.
        attempts = list(range(60))
        succeededAttempts = []

        def makeAttempt():
            """
            Send one packet to the listening BadClient.  Set up a 0.1 second
            timeout to do re-transmits in case the packet is dropped.  When two
            packets have been received by the BadClient, stop sending and let
            the finalDeferred's callbacks do some assertions.
            """
            if not attempts:
                try:
                    self.fail("Not enough packets received")
                except Exception:
                    finalDeferred.errback()

            self.failIfIdentical(
                client.transport, None, "UDP Protocol lost its transport"
            )

            packet = b"%d" % (attempts.pop(0),)
            packetDeferred = defer.Deferred()
            client.setDeferred(packetDeferred)
            client.transport.write(packet, (addr.host, addr.port))

            def cbPacketReceived(packet):
                """
                A packet arrived.  Cancel the timeout for it, record it, and
                maybe finish the test.
                """
                timeoutCall.cancel()
                succeededAttempts.append(packet)
                if len(succeededAttempts) == 2:
                    # The second error has not yet been logged, since the
                    # exception which causes it hasn't even been raised yet.
                    # Give the datagramReceived call a chance to finish, then
                    # let the test finish asserting things.
                    reactor.callLater(0, finalDeferred.callback, None)
                else:
                    makeAttempt()

            def ebPacketTimeout(err):
                """
                The packet wasn't received quickly enough.  Try sending another
                one.  It doesn't matter if the packet for which this was the
                timeout eventually arrives: makeAttempt throws away the
                Deferred on which this function is the errback, so when
                datagramReceived callbacks, so it won't be on this Deferred, so
                it won't raise an AlreadyCalledError.
                """
                makeAttempt()

            packetDeferred.addCallbacks(cbPacketReceived, ebPacketTimeout)
            packetDeferred.addErrback(finalDeferred.errback)

            timeoutCall = reactor.callLater(
                0.1,
                packetDeferred.errback,
                error.TimeoutError("Timed out in testDatagramReceivedError"),
            )

        makeAttempt()
        return finalDeferred

    def test_NoWarningOnBroadcast(self):
        """
        C{'<broadcast>'} is an alternative way to say C{'255.255.255.255'}
        ({socket.gethostbyname("<broadcast>")} returns C{'255.255.255.255'}),
        so because it becomes a valid IP address, no deprecation warning about
        passing hostnames to L{twisted.internet.udp.Port.write} needs to be
        emitted by C{write()} in this case.
        """

        class fakeSocket:
            def sendto(self, foo, bar):
                pass

        p = udp.Port(0, Server())
        p.socket = fakeSocket()
        p.write(b"test", ("<broadcast>", 1234))

        warnings = self.flushWarnings([self.test_NoWarningOnBroadcast])
        self.assertEqual(len(warnings), 0)


@skipIf(not interfaces.IReactorUDP(reactor, None), "This reactor does not support UDP")
class ReactorShutdownInteractionTests(TestCase):
    """Test reactor shutdown interaction"""

    if not interfaces.IReactorUDP(reactor, None):
        skip = "This reactor does not support UDP"

    def setUp(self):
        """Start a UDP port"""
        self.server = Server()
        self.port = reactor.listenUDP(0, self.server, interface="127.0.0.1")

    def tearDown(self):
        """Stop the UDP port"""
        return self.port.stopListening()

    def testShutdownFromDatagramReceived(self):
        """Test reactor shutdown while in a recvfrom() loop"""

        # udp.Port's doRead calls recvfrom() in a loop, as an optimization.
        # It is important this loop terminate under various conditions.
        # Previously, if datagramReceived synchronously invoked
        # reactor.stop(), under certain reactors, the Port's socket would
        # synchronously disappear, causing an AttributeError inside that
        # loop.  This was mishandled, causing the loop to spin forever.
        # This test is primarily to ensure that the loop never spins
        # forever.

        finished = defer.Deferred()
        pr = self.server.packetReceived = defer.Deferred()

        def pktRece(ignored):
            # Simulate reactor.stop() behavior :(
            self.server.transport.connectionLost()
            # Then delay this Deferred chain until the protocol has been
            # disconnected, as the reactor should do in an error condition
            # such as we are inducing.  This is very much a whitebox test.
            reactor.callLater(0, finished.callback, None)

        pr.addCallback(pktRece)

        def flushErrors(ignored):
            # We are breaking abstraction and calling private APIs, any
            # number of horrible errors might occur.  As long as the reactor
            # doesn't hang, this test is satisfied.  (There may be room for
            # another, stricter test.)
            self.flushLoggedErrors()

        finished.addCallback(flushErrors)
        self.server.transport.write(
            b"\0" * 64, ("127.0.0.1", self.server.transport.getHost().port)
        )
        return finished


@skipIf(
    not interfaces.IReactorMulticast(reactor, None),
    "This reactor does not support multicast",
)
class MulticastTests(TestCase):
    if (
        os.environ.get("INFRASTRUCTURE") == "AZUREPIPELINES"
        and runtime.platform.isMacOSX()
    ):
        skip = "Does not work on Azure Pipelines"

    if not interfaces.IReactorMulticast(reactor, None):
        skip = "This reactor does not support multicast"

    def setUp(self):
        self.server = Server()
        self.client = Client()
        # multicast won't work if we listen over loopback, apparently
        self.port1 = reactor.listenMulticast(0, self.server)
        self.port2 = reactor.listenMulticast(0, self.client)
        self.client.transport.connect("127.0.0.1", self.server.transport.getHost().port)

    def tearDown(self):
        return gatherResults(
            [
                maybeDeferred(self.port1.stopListening),
                maybeDeferred(self.port2.stopListening),
            ]
        )

    def testTTL(self):
        for o in self.client, self.server:
            self.assertEqual(o.transport.getTTL(), 1)
            o.transport.setTTL(2)
            self.assertEqual(o.transport.getTTL(), 2)

    def test_loopback(self):
        """
        Test that after loopback mode has been set, multicast packets are
        delivered to their sender.
        """
        self.assertEqual(self.server.transport.getLoopbackMode(), 1)
        addr = self.server.transport.getHost()
        joined = self.server.transport.joinGroup("225.0.0.250")

        def cbJoined(ignored):
            d = self.server.packetReceived = Deferred()
            self.server.transport.write(b"hello", ("225.0.0.250", addr.port))
            return d

        joined.addCallback(cbJoined)

        def cbPacket(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(len(self.server.packets), 1)
            self.server.transport.setLoopbackMode(0)
            self.assertEqual(self.server.transport.getLoopbackMode(), 0)
            self.server.transport.write(b"hello", ("225.0.0.250", addr.port))

            # This is fairly lame.
            d = Deferred()
            reactor.callLater(0, d.callback, None)
            return d

        joined.addCallback(cbPacket)

        def cbNoPacket(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(len(self.server.packets), 1)

        joined.addCallback(cbNoPacket)

        return joined

    def test_interface(self):
        """
        Test C{getOutgoingInterface} and C{setOutgoingInterface}.
        """
        self.assertEqual(self.client.transport.getOutgoingInterface(), "0.0.0.0")
        self.assertEqual(self.server.transport.getOutgoingInterface(), "0.0.0.0")

        d1 = self.client.transport.setOutgoingInterface("127.0.0.1")
        d2 = self.server.transport.setOutgoingInterface("127.0.0.1")
        result = gatherResults([d1, d2])

        def cbInterfaces(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(self.client.transport.getOutgoingInterface(), "127.0.0.1")
            self.assertEqual(self.server.transport.getOutgoingInterface(), "127.0.0.1")

        result.addCallback(cbInterfaces)
        return result

    def test_joinLeave(self):
        """
        Test that multicast a group can be joined and left.
        """
        d = self.client.transport.joinGroup("225.0.0.250")

        def clientJoined(ignored):
            return self.client.transport.leaveGroup("225.0.0.250")

        d.addCallback(clientJoined)

        def clientLeft(ignored):
            return self.server.transport.joinGroup("225.0.0.250")

        d.addCallback(clientLeft)

        def serverJoined(ignored):
            return self.server.transport.leaveGroup("225.0.0.250")

        d.addCallback(serverJoined)

        return d

    # FIXME: https://twistedmatrix.com/trac/ticket/7780
    @skipIf(
        runtime.platform.isWindows() and not runtime.platform.isVista(),
        "Windows' UDP multicast is not yet fully supported.",
    )
    def test_joinFailure(self):
        """
        Test that an attempt to join an address which is not a multicast
        address fails with L{error.MulticastJoinError}.
        """
        # 127.0.0.1 is not a multicast address, so joining it should fail.
        return self.assertFailure(
            self.client.transport.joinGroup("127.0.0.1"), error.MulticastJoinError
        )

    def test_multicast(self):
        """
        Test that a multicast group can be joined and messages sent to and
        received from it.
        """
        c = Server()
        p = reactor.listenMulticast(0, c)
        addr = self.server.transport.getHost()

        joined = self.server.transport.joinGroup("225.0.0.250")

        def cbJoined(ignored):
            d = self.server.packetReceived = Deferred()
            c.transport.write(b"hello world", ("225.0.0.250", addr.port))
            return d

        joined.addCallback(cbJoined)

        def cbPacket(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(self.server.packets[0][0], b"hello world")

        joined.addCallback(cbPacket)

        def cleanup(passthrough):
            result = maybeDeferred(p.stopListening)
            result.addCallback(lambda ign: passthrough)
            return result

        joined.addCallback(cleanup)

        return joined

    @skipIf(
        runtime.platform.isWindows(),
        "on non-linux platforms it appears multiple "
        "processes can listen, but not multiple sockets "
        "in same process?",
    )
    def test_multiListen(self):
        """
        Test that multiple sockets can listen on the same multicast port and
        that they both receive multicast messages directed to that address.
        """
        firstClient = Server()
        firstPort = reactor.listenMulticast(0, firstClient, listenMultiple=True)

        portno = firstPort.getHost().port

        secondClient = Server()
        secondPort = reactor.listenMulticast(portno, secondClient, listenMultiple=True)

        theGroup = "225.0.0.250"
        joined = gatherResults(
            [
                self.server.transport.joinGroup(theGroup),
                firstPort.joinGroup(theGroup),
                secondPort.joinGroup(theGroup),
            ]
        )

        def serverJoined(ignored):
            d1 = firstClient.packetReceived = Deferred()
            d2 = secondClient.packetReceived = Deferred()
            firstClient.transport.write(b"hello world", (theGroup, portno))
            return gatherResults([d1, d2])

        joined.addCallback(serverJoined)

        def gotPackets(ignored):
            self.assertEqual(firstClient.packets[0][0], b"hello world")
            self.assertEqual(secondClient.packets[0][0], b"hello world")

        joined.addCallback(gotPackets)

        def cleanup(passthrough):
            result = gatherResults(
                [
                    maybeDeferred(firstPort.stopListening),
                    maybeDeferred(secondPort.stopListening),
                ]
            )
            result.addCallback(lambda ign: passthrough)
            return result

        joined.addBoth(cleanup)
        return joined
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Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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