Current File : //proc/self/root/lib/python3/dist-packages/oauthlib/oauth2/rfc6749/request_validator.py
"""
oauthlib.oauth2.rfc6749.request_validator
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
"""
import logging

log = logging.getLogger(__name__)


class RequestValidator:

    def client_authentication_required(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Determine if client authentication is required for current request.

        According to the rfc6749, client authentication is required in the following cases:
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant, when Client type is Confidential or when
              Client was issued client credentials or whenever Client provided client
              authentication, see `Section 4.3.2`_.
            - Authorization Code Grant, when Client type is Confidential or when Client was issued
              client credentials or whenever Client provided client authentication,
              see `Section 4.1.3`_.
            - Refresh Token Grant, when Client type is Confidential or when Client was issued
              client credentials or whenever Client provided client authentication, see
              `Section 6`_

        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant
            - Refresh Token Grant

        .. _`Section 4.3.2`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.3.2
        .. _`Section 4.1.3`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-4.1.3
        .. _`Section 6`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6749#section-6
        """
        return True

    def authenticate_client(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Authenticate client through means outside the OAuth 2 spec.

        Means of authentication is negotiated beforehand and may for example
        be `HTTP Basic Authentication Scheme`_ which utilizes the Authorization
        header.

        Headers may be accesses through request.headers and parameters found in
        both body and query can be obtained by direct attribute access, i.e.
        request.client_id for client_id in the URL query.
		
        The authentication process is required to contain the identification of
        the client (i.e. search the database based on the client_id). In case the
        client doesn't exist based on the received client_id, this method has to
        return False and the HTTP response created by the library will contain
        'invalid_client' message. 

        After the client identification succeeds, this method needs to set the
        client on the request, i.e. request.client = client. A client object's
        class must contain the 'client_id' attribute and the 'client_id' must have
        a value.

        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant (may be disabled)
            - Client Credentials Grant
            - Refresh Token Grant

        .. _`HTTP Basic Authentication Scheme`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1945#section-11.1
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def authenticate_client_id(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure client_id belong to a non-confidential client.

        A non-confidential client is one that is not required to authenticate
        through other means, such as using HTTP Basic.

        Note, while not strictly necessary it can often be very convenient
        to set request.client to the client object associated with the
        given client_id.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def confirm_redirect_uri(self, client_id, code, redirect_uri, client, request,
                             *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure that the authorization process represented by this authorization
        code began with this 'redirect_uri'.

        If the client specifies a redirect_uri when obtaining code then that
        redirect URI must be bound to the code and verified equal in this
        method, according to RFC 6749 section 4.1.3.  Do not compare against
        the client's allowed redirect URIs, but against the URI used when the
        code was saved.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param code: Unicode authorization_code.
        :param redirect_uri: Unicode absolute URI.
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant (during token request)
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def get_default_redirect_uri(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Get the default redirect URI for the client.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: The default redirect URI for the client

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def get_default_scopes(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Get the default scopes for the client.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: List of default scopes

        Method is used by all core grant types:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant
            - Client Credentials grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def get_original_scopes(self, refresh_token, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Get the list of scopes associated with the refresh token.

        :param refresh_token: Unicode refresh token.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: List of scopes.

        Method is used by:
            - Refresh token grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def is_within_original_scope(self, request_scopes, refresh_token, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Check if requested scopes are within a scope of the refresh token.

        When access tokens are refreshed the scope of the new token
        needs to be within the scope of the original token. This is
        ensured by checking that all requested scopes strings are on
        the list returned by the get_original_scopes. If this check
        fails, is_within_original_scope is called. The method can be
        used in situations where returning all valid scopes from the
        get_original_scopes is not practical.

        :param request_scopes: A list of scopes that were requested by client.
        :param refresh_token: Unicode refresh_token.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Refresh token grant
        """
        return False

    def introspect_token(self, token, token_type_hint, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Introspect an access or refresh token.

        Called once the introspect request is validated. This method should
        verify the *token* and either return a dictionary with the list of
        claims associated, or `None` in case the token is unknown.

        Below the list of registered claims you should be interested in:

        - scope : space-separated list of scopes
        - client_id : client identifier
        - username : human-readable identifier for the resource owner
        - token_type : type of the token
        - exp : integer timestamp indicating when this token will expire
        - iat : integer timestamp indicating when this token was issued
        - nbf : integer timestamp indicating when it can be "not-before" used
        - sub : subject of the token - identifier of the resource owner
        - aud : list of string identifiers representing the intended audience
        - iss : string representing issuer of this token
        - jti : string identifier for the token

        Note that most of them are coming directly from JWT RFC. More details
        can be found in `Introspect Claims`_ or `JWT Claims`_.

        The implementation can use *token_type_hint* to improve lookup
        efficiency, but must fallback to other types to be compliant with RFC.

        The dict of claims is added to request.token after this method.

        :param token: The token string.
        :param token_type_hint: access_token or refresh_token.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request

        Method is used by:
            - Introspect Endpoint (all grants are compatible)

        .. _`Introspect Claims`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7662#section-2.2
        .. _`JWT Claims`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519#section-4
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def invalidate_authorization_code(self, client_id, code, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Invalidate an authorization code after use.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param code: The authorization code grant (request.code).
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def revoke_token(self, token, token_type_hint, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Revoke an access or refresh token.

        :param token: The token string.
        :param token_type_hint: access_token or refresh_token.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request

        Method is used by:
            - Revocation Endpoint
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def rotate_refresh_token(self, request):
        """Determine whether to rotate the refresh token. Default, yes.

        When access tokens are refreshed the old refresh token can be kept
        or replaced with a new one (rotated). Return True to rotate and
        and False for keeping original.

        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Refresh Token Grant
        """
        return True

    def save_authorization_code(self, client_id, code, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Persist the authorization_code.

        The code should at minimum be stored with:
            - the client_id (``client_id``)
            - the redirect URI used (``request.redirect_uri``)
            - a resource owner / user (``request.user``)
            - the authorized scopes (``request.scopes``)

        To support PKCE, you MUST associate the code with:
            - Code Challenge (``request.code_challenge``) and
            - Code Challenge Method (``request.code_challenge_method``)

        To support OIDC, you MUST associate the code with:
            - nonce, if present (``code["nonce"]``)

        The ``code`` argument is actually a dictionary, containing at least a
        ``code`` key with the actual authorization code:

            ``{'code': 'sdf345jsdf0934f'}``

        It may also have a ``claims`` parameter which, when present, will be a dict
        deserialized from JSON as described at
        http://openid.net/specs/openid-connect-core-1_0.html#ClaimsParameter
        This value should be saved in this method and used again in ``.validate_code``.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param code: A dict of the authorization code grant and, optionally, state.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def save_token(self, token, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Persist the token with a token type specific method.

        Currently, only save_bearer_token is supported.

        :param token: A (Bearer) token dict.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        """
        return self.save_bearer_token(token, request, *args, **kwargs)

    def save_bearer_token(self, token, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Persist the Bearer token.

        The Bearer token should at minimum be associated with:
            - a client and it's client_id, if available
            - a resource owner / user (request.user)
            - authorized scopes (request.scopes)
            - an expiration time
            - a refresh token, if issued
            - a claims document, if present in request.claims

        The Bearer token dict may hold a number of items::

            {
                'token_type': 'Bearer',
                'access_token': 'askfjh234as9sd8',
                'expires_in': 3600,
                'scope': 'string of space separated authorized scopes',
                'refresh_token': '23sdf876234',  # if issued
                'state': 'given_by_client',  # if supplied by client (implicit ONLY)
            }

        Note that while "scope" is a string-separated list of authorized scopes,
        the original list is still available in request.scopes.

        The token dict is passed as a reference so any changes made to the dictionary
        will go back to the user.  If additional information must return to the client
        user, and it is only possible to get this information after writing the token
        to storage, it should be added to the token dictionary.  If the token
        dictionary must be modified but the changes should not go back to the user,
        a copy of the dictionary must be made before making the changes.

        Also note that if an Authorization Code grant request included a valid claims
        parameter (for OpenID Connect) then the request.claims property will contain
        the claims dict, which should be saved for later use when generating the
        id_token and/or UserInfo response content.

        :param token: A Bearer token dict.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: The default redirect URI for the client

        Method is used by all core grant types issuing Bearer tokens:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant (might not associate a client)
            - Client Credentials grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_bearer_token(self, token, scopes, request):
        """Ensure the Bearer token is valid and authorized access to scopes.

        :param token: A string of random characters.
        :param scopes: A list of scopes associated with the protected resource.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request

        A key to OAuth 2 security and restricting impact of leaked tokens is
        the short expiration time of tokens, *always ensure the token has not
        expired!*.

        Two different approaches to scope validation:

            1) all(scopes). The token must be authorized access to all scopes
                            associated with the resource. For example, the
                            token has access to ``read-only`` and ``images``,
                            thus the client can view images but not upload new.
                            Allows for fine grained access control through
                            combining various scopes.

            2) any(scopes). The token must be authorized access to one of the
                            scopes associated with the resource. For example,
                            token has access to ``read-only-images``.
                            Allows for fine grained, although arguably less
                            convenient, access control.

        A powerful way to use scopes would mimic UNIX ACLs and see a scope
        as a group with certain privileges. For a restful API these might
        map to HTTP verbs instead of read, write and execute.

        Note, the request.user attribute can be set to the resource owner
        associated with this token. Similarly the request.client and
        request.scopes attribute can be set to associated client object
        and authorized scopes. If you then use a decorator such as the
        one provided for django these attributes will be made available
        in all protected views as keyword arguments.

        :param token: Unicode Bearer token
        :param scopes: List of scopes (defined by you)
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is indirectly used by all core Bearer token issuing grant types:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant
            - Client Credentials Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_client_id(self, client_id, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure client_id belong to a valid and active client.

        Note, while not strictly necessary it can often be very convenient
        to set request.client to the client object associated with the
        given client_id.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_code(self, client_id, code, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Verify that the authorization_code is valid and assigned to the given
        client.

        Before returning true, set the following based on the information stored
        with the code in 'save_authorization_code':

            - request.user
            - request.scopes
            - request.claims (if given)

        OBS! The request.user attribute should be set to the resource owner
        associated with this authorization code. Similarly request.scopes
        must also be set.

        The request.claims property, if it was given, should assigned a dict.

        If PKCE is enabled (see 'is_pkce_required' and 'save_authorization_code')
        you MUST set the following based on the information stored:

            - request.code_challenge
            - request.code_challenge_method

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param code: Unicode authorization code.
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_grant_type(self, client_id, grant_type, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure client is authorized to use the grant_type requested.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param grant_type: Unicode grant type, i.e. authorization_code, password.
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant
            - Client Credentials Grant
            - Refresh Token Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_redirect_uri(self, client_id, redirect_uri, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure client is authorized to redirect to the redirect_uri requested.

        All clients should register the absolute URIs of all URIs they intend
        to redirect to. The registration is outside of the scope of oauthlib.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param redirect_uri: Unicode absolute URI.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_refresh_token(self, refresh_token, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure the Bearer token is valid and authorized access to scopes.

        OBS! The request.user attribute should be set to the resource owner
        associated with this refresh token.

        :param refresh_token: Unicode refresh token.
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant (indirectly by issuing refresh tokens)
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant (also indirectly)
            - Refresh Token Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_response_type(self, client_id, response_type, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure client is authorized to use the response_type requested.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param response_type: Unicode response type, i.e. code, token.
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_scopes(self, client_id, scopes, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure the client is authorized access to requested scopes.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param scopes: List of scopes (defined by you).
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by all core grant types:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Implicit Grant
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant
            - Client Credentials Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def validate_user(self, username, password, client, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Ensure the username and password is valid.

        OBS! The validation should also set the user attribute of the request
        to a valid resource owner, i.e. request.user = username or similar. If
        not set you will be unable to associate a token with a user in the
        persistence method used (commonly, save_bearer_token).

        :param username: Unicode username.
        :param password: Unicode password.
        :param client: Client object set by you, see ``.authenticate_client``.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Resource Owner Password Credentials Grant
        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def is_pkce_required(self, client_id, request):
        """Determine if current request requires PKCE. Default, False.
        This is called for both "authorization" and "token" requests.

        Override this method by ``return True`` to enable PKCE for everyone.
        You might want to enable it only for public clients.
        Note that PKCE can also be used in addition of a client authentication.

        OAuth 2.0 public clients utilizing the Authorization Code Grant are
        susceptible to the authorization code interception attack.  This
        specification describes the attack as well as a technique to mitigate
        against the threat through the use of Proof Key for Code Exchange
        (PKCE, pronounced "pixy"). See `RFC7636`_.

        :param client_id: Client identifier.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: True or False

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant

        .. _`RFC7636`: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7636
        """
        return False

    def get_code_challenge(self, code, request):
        """Is called for every "token" requests.

        When the server issues the authorization code in the authorization
        response, it MUST associate the ``code_challenge`` and
        ``code_challenge_method`` values with the authorization code so it can
        be verified later.

        Typically, the ``code_challenge`` and ``code_challenge_method`` values
        are stored in encrypted form in the ``code`` itself but could
        alternatively be stored on the server associated with the code.  The
        server MUST NOT include the ``code_challenge`` value in client requests
        in a form that other entities can extract.

        Return the ``code_challenge`` associated to the code.
        If ``None`` is returned, code is considered to not be associated to any
        challenges.

        :param code: Authorization code.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: code_challenge string

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant - when PKCE is active

        """
        return None

    def get_code_challenge_method(self, code, request):
        """Is called during the "token" request processing, when a
        ``code_verifier`` and a ``code_challenge`` has been provided.

        See ``.get_code_challenge``.

        Must return ``plain`` or ``S256``. You can return a custom value if you have
        implemented your own ``AuthorizationCodeGrant`` class.

        :param code: Authorization code.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: code_challenge_method string

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant - when PKCE is active

        """
        raise NotImplementedError('Subclasses must implement this method.')

    def is_origin_allowed(self, client_id, origin, request, *args, **kwargs):
        """Indicate if the given origin is allowed to access the token endpoint
        via Cross-Origin Resource Sharing (CORS).  CORS is used by browser-based
        clients, such as Single-Page Applications, to perform the Authorization
        Code Grant.

        (Note:  If performing Authorization Code Grant via a public client such
        as a browser, you should use PKCE as well.)

        If this method returns true, the appropriate CORS headers will be added
        to the response.  By default this method always returns False, meaning
        CORS is disabled.

        :param client_id: Unicode client identifier.
        :param redirect_uri: Unicode origin.
        :param request: OAuthlib request.
        :type request: oauthlib.common.Request
        :rtype: bool

        Method is used by:
            - Authorization Code Grant
            - Refresh Token Grant

        """
        return False
¿Qué es la limpieza dental de perros? - Clínica veterinaria


Es la eliminación del sarro y la placa adherida a la superficie de los dientes mediante un equipo de ultrasonidos que garantiza la integridad de las piezas dentales a la vez que elimina en profundidad cualquier resto de suciedad.

A continuación se procede al pulido de los dientes mediante una fresa especial que elimina la placa bacteriana y devuelve a los dientes el aspecto sano que deben tener.

Una vez terminado todo el proceso, se mantiene al perro en observación hasta que se despierta de la anestesia, bajo la atenta supervisión de un veterinario.

¿Cada cuánto tiempo tengo que hacerle una limpieza dental a mi perro?

A partir de cierta edad, los perros pueden necesitar una limpieza dental anual o bianual. Depende de cada caso. En líneas generales, puede decirse que los perros de razas pequeñas suelen acumular más sarro y suelen necesitar una atención mayor en cuanto a higiene dental.


Riesgos de una mala higiene


Los riesgos más evidentes de una mala higiene dental en los perros son los siguientes:

  • Cuando la acumulación de sarro no se trata, se puede producir una inflamación y retracción de las encías que puede descalzar el diente y provocar caídas.
  • Mal aliento (halitosis).
  • Sarro perros
  • Puede ir a más
  • Las bacterias de la placa pueden trasladarse a través del torrente circulatorio a órganos vitales como el corazón ocasionando problemas de endocarditis en las válvulas. Las bacterias pueden incluso acantonarse en huesos (La osteomielitis es la infección ósea, tanto cortical como medular) provocando mucho dolor y una artritis séptica).

¿Cómo se forma el sarro?

El sarro es la calcificación de la placa dental. Los restos de alimentos, junto con las bacterias presentes en la boca, van a formar la placa bacteriana o placa dental. Si la placa no se retira, al mezclarse con la saliva y los minerales presentes en ella, reaccionará formando una costra. La placa se calcifica y se forma el sarro.

El sarro, cuando se forma, es de color blanquecino pero a medida que pasa el tiempo se va poniendo amarillo y luego marrón.

Síntomas de una pobre higiene dental
La señal más obvia de una mala salud dental canina es el mal aliento.

Sin embargo, a veces no es tan fácil de detectar
Y hay perros que no se dejan abrir la boca por su dueño. Por ejemplo…

Recientemente nos trajeron a la clínica a un perro que parpadeaba de un ojo y decía su dueño que le picaba un lado de la cara. Tenía molestias y dificultad para comer, lo que había llevado a sus dueños a comprarle comida blanda (que suele ser un poco más cara y llevar más contenido en grasa) durante medio año. Después de una exploración oftalmológica, nos dimos cuenta de que el ojo tenía una úlcera en la córnea probablemente de rascarse . Además, el canto lateral del ojo estaba inflamado. Tenía lo que en humanos llamamos flemón pero como era un perro de pelo largo, no se le notaba a simple vista. Al abrirle la boca nos llamó la atención el ver una muela llena de sarro. Le realizamos una radiografía y encontramos una fístula que llegaba hasta la parte inferior del ojo.

Le tuvimos que extraer la muela. Tras esto, el ojo se curó completamente con unos colirios y una lentilla protectora de úlcera. Afortunadamente, la úlcera no profundizó y no perforó el ojo. Ahora el perro come perfectamente a pesar de haber perdido una muela.

¿Cómo mantener la higiene dental de tu perro?
Hay varias maneras de prevenir problemas derivados de la salud dental de tu perro.

Limpiezas de dientes en casa
Es recomendable limpiar los dientes de tu perro semanal o diariamente si se puede. Existe una gran variedad de productos que se pueden utilizar:

Pastas de dientes.
Cepillos de dientes o dedales para el dedo índice, que hacen más fácil la limpieza.
Colutorios para echar en agua de bebida o directamente sobre el diente en líquido o en spray.

En la Clínica Tus Veterinarios enseñamos a nuestros clientes a tomar el hábito de limpiar los dientes de sus perros desde que son cachorros. Esto responde a nuestro compromiso con la prevención de enfermedades caninas.

Hoy en día tenemos muchos clientes que limpian los dientes todos los días a su mascota, y como resultado, se ahorran el dinero de hacer limpiezas dentales profesionales y consiguen una mejor salud de su perro.


Limpiezas dentales profesionales de perros y gatos

Recomendamos hacer una limpieza dental especializada anualmente. La realizamos con un aparato de ultrasonidos que utiliza agua para quitar el sarro. Después, procedemos a pulir los dientes con un cepillo de alta velocidad y una pasta especial. Hacemos esto para proteger el esmalte.

La frecuencia de limpiezas dentales necesaria varía mucho entre razas. En general, las razas grandes tienen buena calidad de esmalte, por lo que no necesitan hacerlo tan a menudo e incluso pueden pasarse la vida sin requerir una limpieza. Sin embargo, razas pequeñas como el Yorkshire o el Maltés, deben hacérselas todos los años desde cachorros si se quiere conservar sus piezas dentales.

Otro factor fundamental es la calidad del pienso. Algunas marcas han diseñado croquetas que limpian la superficie del diente y de la muela al masticarse.

Ultrasonido para perros

¿Se necesita anestesia para las limpiezas dentales de perros y gatos?

La limpieza dental en perros no es una técnica que pueda practicarse sin anestesia general , aunque hay veces que los propietarios no quieren anestesiar y si tiene poco sarro y el perro es muy bueno se puede intentar…… , pero no se va a poder pulir ni acceder a todas la zona de la boca …. Además los limpiadores dentales van a irrigar agua y hay riesgo de aspiración a vías respiratorias si no se realiza una anestesia correcta con intubación traqueal . En resumen , sin anestesia no se va hacer una correcta limpieza dental.

Tampoco sirve la sedación ya que necesitamos que el animal esté totalmente quieto, y el veterinario tenga un acceso completo a todas sus piezas dentales y encías.

Alimentos para la limpieza dental

Hay que tener cierto cuidado a la hora de comprar determinados alimentos porque no todos son saludables. Algunos tienen demasiado contenido graso, que en exceso puede causar problemas cardiovasculares y obesidad.

Los mejores alimentos para los dientes son aquellos que están elaborados por empresas farmacéuticas y llevan componentes químicos con tratamientos específicos para el diente del perro. Esto implica no solo limpieza a través de la acción mecánica de morder sino también un tratamiento antibacteriano para prevenir el sarro.

Conclusión

Si eres como la mayoría de dueños, por falta de tiempo , es probable que no estés prestando la suficiente atención a la limpieza dental de tu perro. Por eso te animamos a que comiences a limpiar los dientes de tu perro y consideres atender a su higiene bucal con frecuencia.

Estas simples medidas pueden conllevar a que tu perro tenga una vida más larga y mucho más saludable.

Si te resulta imposible introducir un cepillo de dientes a tu perro en la boca, pásate con él por clínica Tus Veterinarios y te explicamos cómo hacerlo.

Necesitas hacer una limpieza dental profesional a tu mascota?
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